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Psychology Studies about Cognitive approach, Neisser and Harsch (1992),…
Psychology Studies about Cognitive approach
Neisser and Harsch (1992)
Backround
Highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshots' of the moment and circumstances in which surprising and personally relevant news was heard
It is believed that they are
highly resistant to forgetting
A number of studies suggest that flashbulb memories are not especially accurate, but that they are experienced with great vividness and confidence
One type of autobiographical memory
Study of flashbulb memory
Aim
To determine whether flashbulb memories are susceptible to distortion
Procedure
they had students recall their
reactions to the Challenger disaster
an accident on January 28, 1986 in which a space shuttle
exploded in space, live on television.
Results
Evaluation
Landry and Bartling (2011)
Backround
The aim:
What happens when asked to carry out a dual task technique which
focuses on the phonological loop
articulatory suppression is preventing rehearsal in the phonological
loop because of overload
Working memory model
Phonological loop
Baddeley and Hitch
Used: dual task technique
Participant is asked to perform two tasks at the same time to see how it effects the overall performance
Two key
modalities
Phonological loop
Auditory processing takes place
Visuospatial
sketchpad
Visual and spatial processing takes place
Example
: It is possible to have a
conversation (phonological loop) while driving your car (visuospatial sketchpad)
But
: If you try to
have a conversation while trying to read the study below, you would find that you were only able to do one of those tasks successfully - and not that well
Myth of multitasking
Procedure and Results
Done by Landry and Bartling in 2011
Used: Articulatory suppression
To test the working memory model
The aim
: To investigate if articulatory suppression would influence recall of
a written list of phonologically dissimilar letters in serial recall.
The particiapants
: 34 undergraduate psychology students
Independent samples design
Experimental group
participants first saw a list of letters that they had to recall while saying the numbers '1' and '2' at a rate
of two numbers per second (an articulatory suppression task).
There were ten lists each consisting of a series of 7 letters randomly constructed from the letters F, K,
L, M, R, X and Q.
they don't sound similar.
There was a practice round
repeatedly say the numbers '1' and '2' at a rate of two numbers per
second from the time of presentation of the list until the time they filled the answer sheet.
repeated ten times.
Control group
saw the list of letters
but did not carry out the articulatory suppression task.
the experimenter showed participants a printed list for five seconds, instructed them to wait for another five seconds, and then instructed them to write the correct order of the letters on the answer sheet as accurately as possible.
was repeated ten times.
The experimenter then calculated the average per cent correct
recall for both groups.
Results:
The experimenter then calculated the average per cent correct
recall for both groups.
group. The mean per cent of accurate recall in the control group was 76% compared to a
mean of 45% in the experimental group.
The results supported the experimental hypothesis as the mean per cent of accurate recall in the
control group was higher than the mean percent of accurate recall in the experimental group.
Evaluation
high level of
internal validity
well-controlled study
A cause and effect
relationship
Can be determined
lacks ecological validity.
study is rather artificial
The study supports the Working Memory Model
is easily replicable.
-> findings are reliable
How emotion enhances the feeling of remembering
Tali Sharot, Mauricio R Delgado & Elizabeth A Phelps
that emotion heightens the feeling of remembering, without
necessarily enhancing the objective accuracy of the memories.