Induced Seismicity:
refers to earthquakes that are triggered by people. People can trigger earthquakes in areas where faults already exist and are under stress, through activities that increase the water pressure within rocks. Water pressure makes it easier for faults to slip, so increasing the water pressure can cause movement along a pre-existing fault.

Asperities: rocks on either side of the fault are locked together because bumps along the fault
When the stress is great enough to break the asperities, the rocks on either side of the fault can slide again

Rupture Surface: Rupture and displacement only happen along a subsection of a fault

Elastic Rebound:
snapping back to og
Rocks that are stressed beyond their ability to stretch can rupture, allowing the rest of the rock to snap back to its original shape.
causes the rock to vibrate, and this is what causes the shaking during an earthquake.
when asperities break and release the stress, the rocks undergo elastic rebound

Mainshock: There’s often a sequence of smaller earthquakes before a larger one, and then progressively smaller earthquakes after. The largest earthquake in the series is the mainshock

Epicenter: The location on Earth’s surface immediately above the hypocenter

Hypocenter: (focus) The location on the fault plane where the rupture happens

Aftershock: the smaller ones that come after
Example:
strongest earthquake in a series is classified as the mainshock, but if another even bigger one comes after it, the bigger one is called the mainshock, and the earlier one is reclassified as a foreshock.

Body Waves: Seismic waves that travel through Earth’s interior

P-Waves:
body waves that move by alternately compressing and stretching materials in the direction the wave moves. For this reason, P-waves are also called compression waves. The “P” in P-wave stands for primary, because P-waves are the fastest of the seismic waves. They are the first to be detected when an earthquake happens

S-Waves: are body waves that move with a shearing motion, shaking particles from side to side. S-waves are slower than P-waves, and are detected after the P-waves are measured. S-waves cannot travel through liquids.

Magnitude: measured to determine the location of the earthquake, and to estimate the amount of energy released by the earthquake (magnitude)

Elastic Deformation: Deformation that is reversible
Rocks might seem rigid, but when stress is applied, they may stretch. If there hasn’t been too much stretching, a rock will snap back to its original shape once the stress is removed.

Seismic Waves: The shaking from an earthquake travels away from the rupture in the form

Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale: To determine the intensity of an earthquake, reports are collected about what people felt and how much damage was done
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (I-Not felt to IV-Light)
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (V-Moderate to VIII-Severe)
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (IX-Violent to XII-Extreme)

Liquefaction: Structures underlain by sediments may be at risk of another hazard,
sediment is transformed into a fluid

Tsunami: earthquake happens, the plate rebounds over an area of thousands of square kilometres, generating waves
waves spread across the ocean at velocities of several hundred kilometres per hour

Faults/fault plane:represents the surface where the fault exists, and where ruptures have happened in the past.