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4.2 Access to Fresh Water - Coggle Diagram
4.2 Access to Fresh Water
water supplies
desalination
conversion of salt water into fresh water by extraction of dissolved salts
evaluation
not effect water level in river
Desalinisation plant energy intensive- ecological footprint
expensive, no solution for poor countries
salt retyrn to ocean as waste- harmful to marine ecosystem
pipe vacuum- intake of plankton, disrupt food chain
artificial recharge of aquifers
2 ways to replenish
spreading water over land, create small dams n streams & deflect surface runoff
construct recharge wells & inject water directly
evaluation
advantage
water unable to evaporate (stored underground)
sustainable drainage- increase infiltration
low treatment cost
reduce surface runoff
technology appropriate & well understood
disadvantage
construction of water traps- environmental damage (soil, vegetation)
contamination of groundwater - surface runoff
costly to recharge aquifers artificially- contamination
redistribution
water redistribute through water network and grids from area with plentiful water supply to areas of shortage
rainwater harvesting
process of collecting rainwater from surface, rain fall- filter-store- use
evaluation
advantage
Independent water supply
suitable for irrigation
reduce flood & soil irrigation
reduce demand on ground water
disadvantage
regular maintenance
seep chemicals/animal droppings
unpredictable rainfall
storage limits
reservoir
a large water body that forms behind wall constructed across a river or a large valley.
Environmental problem
Disappearance of birds
lost of forest, wetland, farmland
relocation of people from flood
lost of fish- migratory routes
change of habitat
Sedimentation of particles- reduce capacity
extinction of aquatic species
grey-water cycle
all wastewater without fecal contamination
advantage
reduce water bill
use less water resource(low EF)
irrigate garden during drought
reduce pollution from waterways
save money
Disadvantage
financial cost installing & maintaining
limited use only (outdoor)
for indoor, must be treated
demand for fresh water
population increase- irrigation & industrialisation increase
MEDCs
water their garden
wash cars
wash more frequently
entertainment (water parks)
LEDCs
rising standard of living
change agriculture practices
expanding population
expand industry
climate change
extreme weather
heavy rainfall, hurricanes , extreme drought
global warming
increase temperature, increase rainfall(evaporation) - flood
cause shifting biomes - shift precipitation distribution
runoff- contaminants/ polluting water bodies
contamination & unsustainable abstraction -
carries disease
ground subsidence
excessive pumping, wells drying out
aquifers overdrawn
industrial pollution
irrigation increase salinity
salt water incursion
pesticide/fertilizer run off
water scarce issue
agriculture practices- high evaporation rates
low water level
climate change, precipitation, change monsoons
aquifer exhausted- over pumping
growing population