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Ethnicity and crime - Coggle Diagram
Ethnicity and crime
Criminal justice system is institutionally racist
Stuart Hall
Crisis of hegemony
Economic crisis
1978 - winter of discontent
Media created a moral panic / deviancy amplification
Myth of the black mugger
Scapegoat for failing economy
Media selectively published crime statistics
Police target more to deal with issue
AO2
Becker - labelling theory
'Social groups create deviancy by creating rules... and by applying rules to particular people and labelling them as outsiders'
Target certain social groups
Racist moral entrepreneurs choose certain social groups to be targeted more
AO2
Cicourel - typifications
Typically find to be delinquent (EM, W/C, young males)
Police have stereotypes and these are reinforced through their environment
Results in police adopting strategies that are class and ethnicity based
Gilroy
Most black and Asians in the UK originate from former British colonies, where anti-colonial struggles taught them how to resist oppression
Eg. Windrush generation
60/70s resent EM in the UK being treated negatively
AO2
London riots
Response to police murdering Mark Duggan
Holdaway
Found evidence of racist language and attitudes amongst police officers
Covert participant observations
Part of occupational culture of police officers
Philips and Bowing
CJS is institutionally racist
Found that black men are 5-8x more likely to be stopped and searched than white men
Black men had higher arrest rates
Overpolicing in city centres
Higher imprisonment rates
As a result, found that these communities that were targeted had the least amount of trust in the police
AO2
Murder of Stephen Laurence
Originally thought it was the result of a gang fight and not an unprovoked racism attack
Treated his friend, Dwayne Brooks, as a suspect and not a witness
1999, Macpherson report released that there is institutional racism in the police force
Reiner
Canteen culture - a distinct set of amongst police officers, which include a thirst for action, cynicism, suspicion, isolation from the public and racism
Talk about these things, creating a culture with institutional racism and violence
The secret policeman documenary
Treated like a slave to feel unwelcome
3/4 experienced racism working in policeforce
Wanted to see if there is still racism 5 years after and see if changes were made
AO2
Waddington - stop and search
Stop and search is not institutionally racist
Studied CCTVs for stop and search and interviews
Stop and search is not due to police racism
EM tend to be younger, like those who were stopped and searched
Stop and search in inner city areas tend to have high EM populations
Reflects population of inner city / young population
Analysis (AO3)
Fitzgerald and Hough
The policing for London survey
Dissatisfaction with the police was highest amongst young, black boys and those living in poor areas
Evaluation (AO3)
90% of crimes are reported by the public, not uncovered by the police
It is the public that is racism, not the police
Gilroy is inspiring his own interpretations of the meanings of black crime, as it is not always resistance
Ethnic minorities do commit more crime
Lea and Young
Even if the police are racist, it is unlikely for the statistical differences in crime and ethnciity
Left realist - OCS is a trustworthy source
EM commit more crimes as they are more likely to be in relative deprivation / marginalisation / criminal subcultures
EM face a desire to consume more than ever in our bulimic society
Media promotes consumption
Tony Sewell
Triple quandary theory
Acknowledges that African Caribbean boys commit a lot of crime within society
Blames this on black culture and their family structure (57% come from lone parent families), meaning that they struggle to develop masculinity, turning to their peers as role models
Theory
Black boys feel rejected by white society
Teachers, police officers, etc. directly target these individuals
Creating their own norms and values, which are criminal
Black peers are also rejected by society, leading to them to form criminal subcultures
Black boys' peers have also been rejected by society
Black peers are also rejected by society
Form criminal subcultures
Views on white society reinforced
Black boys use the media as a source of role models
Promotes MTV culture and bling lifestyle based on money, misogyny, drugs
Turn to crime to achieve bling lifestyle
Risk factors
For high levels of crime for African and Caribbean boys
Rejected from mainstream culture, school, society, work, CJS
Working against their image
Influence of media (phones, social media, celebrities)
Promotes illegal, sexist lifestyles
Evaluation (AO3)
Listening to music doesn't mean you will turn to crime
Dave promotes positive lifestyle
He may have picked high achieving students, not failing ones
No direct evidence that the programme led to Oxbridge
Family structure - 60% live with one parent
Lacking a male role model, leading to inadequate socialisation, more likely to experience poverty
Seek role models elsewhere
AO2
Statistics show EM leave with lowest qualifications
2020 - 40% of black boys achieved grade 5 or above in English and maths GCSE (49.9% was average)
AO2
Generating genius
25 black boys from failings schools
In 2006 to today, boys spent 3 or more weeks alongside scientists of top universities
Boys achieved amazing GCSE results and 3 got into Oxbridge (2006)
Nightingale
Paradox of inclusion
In society today, people have a huge focus on consumerism and want to keep up with the latest trends
Judged by how well they keep up with these
Black boys don't want to be rejected from society, so value consumerism as well
Don't have the same opportunities to consume, so innovate and find new ways of gaining money, so they can consume and be accepted by white society
Thus, more likely to be arrested and excluded from white society
AO2
Merton's strain theory
Innovation is a response to strain
Can be seen in contemporary society, with the American Dream
AO2
Sharp and Budd
Black people are more likely to be arrested by police (police racism)
Commit crimes where victims can identify them (public racism)
More likely to be excluded from school
Crime among other minority ethnic ethnic groups
Crime has risen for Asian people
Declining importance of religion among young Asian boys
Asian boys want to join white British culture
White British culture has less religious belief
Desai - young Asian men were taking a more aggressive stance to defend their community from outside threats, and cultivate a Bengali bad boy image
Hirschi - belief is a control to stop crime, which is gone
Evaluation (AO3)
Claire Alexander - the growing problem of Asian groups is a myth
Ignore structural causes of crime, such as unemployment, poverty, institutional racism
Labelling theory - canteen culture and typifications
Biases in CJS
Highlight black on black crime, so not institutionally racist
Statistics show EMs do commit more crime than white people
Statistics
Members of the black community are 7x more likely than white people to be stopped and searched
Black people are 3.5x more likely to be arrested than white people
Black people are 5x more likely to be in prison than white people