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IMPERIAL RUSSIA (1855-1924) image - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Post-Alex I's death, compromised of two groups, The northerh society (favored a constitutional monarchy under Constantine), and the Southern Society (favored a republic Russia and an end to serfdom. Both of them wanted to restrict the Tsar's autocratic rule and establish a more liberal Russia
        
        Although Nicholas I wiped the floor with their soldiers, It was Russia's first ever revolt -) leading to more later on the line
      - Both factions saw that the addition of a new tsar gave them a better chance to make their ideologies come true
    - - Liberal reforms such as an interest in funding educational institutes, as well as pardoning prisoners imprisoned for political reasoning (amnesty), Giving Poland a constitution and a diet, as well as letting Finland be an autonomous Grand duchy
      - Was seen as both a liberal and a reactionary (Enigmatic ruler)
- - - - Freed 23 MILLION serfs, letting them do what they wanted (own land, marry, etc.) However they had to pay a sort of redemption payment tax for 49 years to the state -) loans from the government -) poverty
        
        Sucess?
        
        More peasants becoming landowners, Freed the serfs -) more people in the military. More peasants also left the lands in order to work factory jobs -) MORE INDUSTRIALIzATION. More people worked the lands -) BETTER AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
        
        Failure?
        
        Redemption taxes making the peasants in arguably a worse condition than before. Still backwards farming since no development was made.
    - - Army reforms: Conscription reduced to 6 years (more efficient and humane)
      - Government reforms: Believed that Russia was undergoverned. Created the Zemstva (legislative body), which solved issues such as famine, agriculture, public health, etc. They didn't have the complete financial support to improve Russia, however many people joined the political life due to them.
      - Law reforms: Gave the peasants juries from the zemstva to rely upon when they were charged for a crime -) less unfairness in court.
      - Educational reforms: More private schools were opened (Zemstva), as well as some education being taught in the army -) overall illiteracy rates decreased. More liberal discussions being taught in school
      - Economic reforms: More railways being built, more material imported into russia (coal, oil), more industrialization in general. However, still weak compared to other european powers.
  - - - Restricted what kind of books were allowed to be in libraries
      - Lower-class children couldn't receive secondary education
      - (1890) Reduced peasant representation in the Zemstva -) erasing it's original purpose
      - More press censorship (if warned three times, receive a censor)
      - Abolishion of the Poll tax (1886), essentailly taxes paid only by the poor
      - Establishment of the Peasants' Land Bank (1882). Peasants got financial support in buying landlords land
      - Made Russian the country's first official language. Denied public office to those who couldn't speak it
      - Restricted Jewish rights (around 5 mil jews who lived in Russia)
      - Established the secret police Okhrana
  - - - The Dumas (legislative body. Reasserted control in 1906 with the "Fundamental laws"
      - Trans-Siberian railways (Sergei Witte, more railroads -) better transport and industrialization)
      - Stolypin Land reforms (encouraged peasants to leave the Mir and own their own lands -) better agriculture and increased economy)
      - RUSSIFICATION (Targeted minorities such as Finns and Jews)
  - - - Established the trans-siberian railway, as well as negotiated terms for the october manifesto
  - - - Wanted to boost russian agriculture. Encouraged peasants to leave the mir and buy private land in order to boost Russian economy.
      - Was quite harsh with revolutionaries (executions), ASSASSINATED IN 1911!!
- - - - Unlike most other countries, Russia was governed by a single Tsar (along with many administrators due to Russia's vast size), who supposedly had "Unlimited" power and is supposed to be respected not only out of fear, but also out of conscience
        
        Enhanced by Russia's vast amount of military (1.4 million men in 1855), since they were forced to train for 25 years
    - - Lead to many violent attempts by the mass who wanted their voices heard by the government. Over 1400 revolts during the first 60 years of the 19th century!!!
    - - Churches controlled by the Tsar. The church emphasized order, loyalty and obedience to authority within the Russian states. Played a huge part of everyone's lives -) maintained status quo.
      - Only orthodox christians were treated sympathetically. Jews and islams on the other hand were treated harshly by the state and population (maintained control since better for people to attack other ethnicities -) strengthened community, rather than the state).
    - - in 1855, 50 million of the 60 million Russian population were serfs (slaves). Forced to do labor, poor living conditions, little to no food, forced to be loyal to and live in the Mir (village community).
        
        Farming methods never developed due to landlords simply utilizing the free labour given to the,
    - - Restriction of democratic ideas in Russia. Even as far to restrict passports, making the Russian citizens unable to travel (Nicholas I)
    - - Difficulties in industrializing during the 19th century along with other European countries due to poor agriculture, low-moral and poor health workforce and bad climates
        
        Only managed to industrialize due to the establishment of high tariffs -) investors set up businesses in Russia
  - - - Shots fired by the Imperial guard. Leading to 200-1000 deaths (BLOODY SUNDAY!, sparked the 1905 revolutions, DESTROYED FAITH IN TSARDOM) FORMATION OF THE SOVIETS