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Categorical Statements & Syllogism - Coggle Diagram
Categorical Statements & Syllogism
Categorical Logic:
Purpose:
To understand the basic elements of the logic of categorical statements
To understand Aristotle's approach to logic
Categorical statements relate two classes or categories: There are 4 kinds of categorical statements
Name Form:
All S are P (All ducks are birds). No S are P (No spider are insects). Some S are P (Some bats are pets). Some S are not P. (Some trees are not elms)
Categorical Syllogism:
Most famously, Aristotle developed a system for evaluating the validity of categorical syllogism
Each categorical syllogism is composed of 3 categorical statement
Example:
1. All chemists are scientist (All P are M). 2. Some alchemists are not scientists (Some S are not M). 3. So, some alchemists are not chemists (Some S are not P)
Categorical Statements:
Aristotle's method are designed to apply when categorical statements are in standard form (SF) - *to be SF, the elements must appear in the following order
Quantifier: "all", "no" or "some". No variants count as SF
Subject Terms: a word or phrase that names a class or category
Copula: "are" or "are not" (No variants)
Predicate Terms: a word or phrase that names a class or category for example: no dogs are cats
Syllogisms:
A (Universal Affirmative) "All S are P" ex: All ducks are birds
E (Universal Negative) No S are P. No spiders are insects
I (Particular Affirmative) Some S are P ex: Some bats are pets
O (Particular Negative) Some S are not P. Some trees are not elms
Homework question
"All M are P. Some M are not S. So, Some S are not P.
This in an example of INVALID syllogism
To indicate what part you are indicating put an "x"
Shade in the areas that are related to the question
No universal claim means no shading involved
