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DNA DAMAGE AND ITS TYPES, CHEMICAL DEMAGE, BIOLOGICAL DAMAGE, REPLICATION…
DNA DAMAGE AND ITS TYPES
TYPES:
• Double-Strand Breaks (DSBs): Breaks in both strands of DNA, potentially leading to chromosomal rearrangements or loss.
• Single-Strand Breaks (SSBs): Breaks in one strand of DNA, which can be repaired easily.
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DNA damage refers to alterations in the chemical structure of DNA, which can affect the genetic information encoded within. This damage can occur due to various factors, including environmental exposures, errors during DNA replication, and cellular stress.
CHEMICAL DEMAGE
• Oxidative Damage: Resulting from reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to base modifications or strand breaks.
• Alkylating Agent Damage: Chemicals adding alkyl groups to DNA bases, altering genetic information.
• Cross-Linking: Covalent bonds between DNA strands or proteins, hindering replication and transcription.
BIOLOGICAL DAMAGE
• Mutation: Changes in DNA sequence, potentially leading to genetic disorders.
• Epigenetic Modifications: Chemical changes affecting gene expression without altering DNA sequence.
• Viral Integration: Viral DNA integrating into host genome, potentially disrupting gene function.
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CAUSES OF DNA DAMAGE
• Environmental Factors: UV radiation, ionizing radiation, chemicals, viruses.
• Cellular Stress: Oxidative stress, inflammation, telomere shortening.
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REPAIR MECHANISM
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• Double-Strand Break Repair: Repairing DSBs through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR).
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