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Mae Stansbury, Period 5, Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Ilium/ upper coxal
      - Ischium/ lower coxal
      - Pubic/ medial coxal area
- - - - Periosteum: white, double-layered membrane that covers external surfaces except joints; Fibrous layer: outer layer consisting of dense irregular connective tissue consisting of sharpey's fibers that secure to bone matrix; Osteogenic layer: inner layer abutting bone and contains primitive osteogenic stem cells that gives rise to most all bone cells; contains many nerve fibers and blood vessels that continue on to the shaft through nutrient foramen openings; anchoring points for tendons and ligaments
      - Endosteum: delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surface; covers trabeculae of spongy bone; lines canals that pass through compact bone; like periosteum contains osteogenic cells that can differentiate into other bone cells
- - - - It functions in giving the skeleton mobility and holds the skeleton together
    - - Structural
        
        Fibrous
        
        Sutures: rigid, interlocking joints of the skill that allow for growth during youth and in middle age they ossify and fuse (they are immovable joints that are closed and protect the brain {synostoses})
        
        Syndesmoses: bones that are connected by ligaments which are bands of fibrous tissue, the fiber length can vary as short or long. Short fibers give little to no movement (ex. inferior tibiofibular joint) while long fibers offer more movement (interosseous membrane connecting radius and ulna)
        
        Gomphoses: these are peg-in-socket joints; only examples are teeth in alveolar sockets, they have a fibrous connection that holds teeth in the socket (periodontal ligament)
        
        Cartilaginous
        
        Synchondroses: a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage that unites the bones, almost all are synarthrotic (immovable) [ex. temporary epiphyseal plate joints that become synostoses after plate closure] [ex. cartilage of first rib with manubrium of sternum]
        
        Symphyses: fibrocartilage that unites bone in symphysis joint, hyaline cartilage also presents as articular cartilage on bony surfaces, symphyses are strong, amphiarthrotic joints (slightly movable) [ex. intervertebral joints and pubic symphysis]
        
        Synovial
        
        bones are separated by fluid filled joint cavities and they are all diarthrotic (freely movable); they include almost all limb joints
        
        Some characteristics
        
        General Features
        
        Articular Cartilage: consists of hyaline cartilage covering ends of Bones (prevents crushing of bone ends)
        
        Joint (synovial) Cavity: small, fluid filled potential space that is unique to synovial joints
        
        Articular (joint) capsule: 2 layers thick; external fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue; inner synovial membrane has loose connective tissue that makes synovial fluid
        
        Synovial fluid: viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid; lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage; has phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris
        
        Different types of reinforcing ligaments: capsular are thickened part of fibrous layer; extra capsular are outside the capsule; intracapsular are deep to capsule, covered by synovial membrane
        
        Nerves and blood vessels: nerves detect pain; monitor joint position and stretch, capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid
        
        Fatty pads: cushioning between firbous layer of capsule and synovial membrane or bone
        
        Articular discs (menisci): fibrocartilage separates articular surfaces to improve "fit" of bone ends, stabilize joint, and reduce wear and tear
        
        Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
        
        bags of synovial fluid that act as lubricating "ball bearing" (not strictly a part of synovial joints, but they are closely associated)
        
        Bursae: reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
        
        Tendon sheaths: elongated bursae wrapped completely around tendons subjected to friction
        
        6 types of Synovial Joints
        
        Plane
        
        Hinge
        
        Pivot
        
        Condylar
        
        Saddle
        
        Ball and Socket
      - Functional
        
        Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints
        
        Diarthroses; freely movable joints
        
        Synarthroses: immovable joints
- - - - Flexion: decreases the angle of the joint
      - Extension: increases the angle of the joint
      - Hyperextension: movement beyond the anatomical position
      - Abduction: movement along the frontal plane away from the midline
      - Adduction: movement along the frontal plane toward the midline
      - Circumduction: involves flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of limb
    - - Medial: rotation toward midline
      - Lateral: rotation away from midline
- - - - Rickets are the osteomalacia of children; result in bowed legs and other bone deformities because bone ends are enlarged and abnormally long; the cause is vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium