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Lydiann Guzman Per.5 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Lydiann Guzman Per.5 Skeletal System
Disorders/Diseases
Ostemalacia
bones are poorly mineralized
osteoid is produced, but calcium salts not adequately deposited
results in soft, weak bones
Rickets
osteomalacia of children
results in bowed legs and other bone deformities because bones ends are enlarged and abnormally long
cause: vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium
Osteoporosis
group of disease in which bone resorption exceeds deposit: matrix remains normal, but bone mass declines
Risk Factors
postmenopausal women
insufficient excessive to stress bones
diet poor in calcium and protein
smoking
genetics
hormone related conditions
consumption of alcohol or certain medications
Treating
vitamin D supplements
weight bearing exercise
calcium
hormone replacement therapy
Preventing
plenty of calcium in diet in early adulthood
reduce consumption of carbonated beverages and alcohol
plenty of wight bearing muscle
Other drugs for Osteoporosis
Bisphosphonates
decrease osteoclast activity and number
Denosumab
improves bone density in elderly
Paget's Disease (pagetic bone)
excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resportion cause bone to grow fast and develop poorly
very high ratio of spongy to compact bone and reduced mineralization
usually occurs in spine, pelvis, femur, and skull
treatment includes calcitonin and bisphosphonates
Types of bones
Short Bones
Cube-shaped bones
in wrist and ankle
Flat Bones
Thin, flat, slightly curved
sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones
consists of thin plates of spongy bone (diploar) covered by compact bone
Long Bones
Longer than they are wide; limb bones
femur, humerus, tibia
Irregular Bones
Complicated shapes
vertebrae and hip bones
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
cells of bone tissue
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide
maintain bone matrix and act as stress or strain sensors
respons to mechanical stimuli (ex; increased force on bone or weightlessness); communicate information to osteoblasts and osteoclasts so bone remodeling can occur
Bone-Lining Cells
flat cells on bone surfaces believed to also help maintain matrix
Osteoblasts
Bone forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteiod
made up of collagen and calcium binding proteins
are actively mitotic
Osteoclasts
giant, multinucleate cells function in bone resorption
when active, cells are located in depressions called resorption bays
cells have ruffles borders that serve to increase surface area for enzyme degradation of bone; helps seal off area from surrounding matrix
Osteogenic Cells
Also called osteoprogenitor cells
Mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and Endosteum
when stimulare, they differentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells; some remain as osteogenic stem cells
Joints
also called articulations: sites where two or more bones meet; give skeleton mobility and hold skeleton together
Structual
based on what material binds the joints and whether a cavity is present
Cartilaginous Joints
bones united by cartilage
no joint cavity; not highly movable
Synchondroses
bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones (Bones united by hyaline cartilage)
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Symphyses
fibrocartilage unites bone in symphysis joint (bones united by fibrocartilage)
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Fibrous Joints
bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
no joint cavity; most are immovable
Syndesemoses
bones connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue
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Gomphoses
peg-in-socket joints
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Sutures
rigid, interlocking joints of skull
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Synovial Joints
bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity
all are freely movable (diarthrotic); almost all limb joints
6 General Features
Articular Cartilage
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Joint (Synovial) Cavity
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Articular (joint) Capsule
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Synovial Fluid
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Different Types of Reinforcing Ligaments
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Nerves and Blood Vessels
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other features of some synovial joints
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Functional
based on movement joint allows
Synarthroses
immovable joints
Amphiarthroses
slightly movable joints
Diarthroses
freely movable joints
Movements allowed by synovial joints
range of motion allowed by synovial joints
Biaxial
movement in 2 planes
Uniaxial
movement in one plane
Multiaxial
movement in or around all 3 planes
Nonaxial
slipping movements only
3 general types of movements
Angular Movements
increase or decrease angle between 2 bones
movement along sagittal plane
Flexion
decreases the angle of the joint
Extension
increases the angle of the joint
Hypertension
movement beyond the anatomical position
Abduction
movement along frontal plane, away from midline
Adduction
movement along frontal plane, toward midline
Circumduction
involves Flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of limb
limb describes cone in space
Rotation
turning of bone around its own long axis, toward midline or away from it
Medial
rotation toward midline
Lateral
rotation away from midline
ex: rotation between C1 and C2 vertebrae, rotation of humerus and femur
Gliding
one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
ex: intercarpal joints, interatrial joints, between articular processes of vertebrae
Special Movements
Protraction and Retraction
movement in lateral plane
Protraction
mandible just out
Retraction
mandible is pulled toward neck
Elevation and Depression of mandible
Elevation
lifting body part superiorly
ex: shrugging shoulders
Depression
lowering body part
ex: opening jaw
Inversion and Eversion
Inversion
sole of foot faces medially
Eversion
sole of foot faces laterally
Dorsiflexion and Planatar Flexion
Dorsiflexion
bending foot toward shin
Plantar Flexion
pointing toes
Opposition
movement of thumb
ex: touching thumb to tips of other fingers on same hand or any grasping movement
Supination and Pronation
rotation of radius and ulna
Supination
palms face anteriorly; radius and ulna are parallel
Pronation
palms face posteriorly; radius rotates over ulna
Names of all the bones
Axial Skeleton
long axis of body; skull, vertebral column, rib cage
vertebral column
Axis
second vertebra of vertebral column
Cervical
compromises 7 vertebrae (C1 - C7)
Atlas
top bone; first cervical verterbra; connects skull to spine
Thoracic
middle section of spine
Lumbar
lower end of spinal column
Sacrum
located at base of lumbar vertebrae; connected to pelvis
Coccyx
last bone at base of spine (tailbone)
rib cage
True Ribs
ribs that directly attach to sternum w/costal cartilages; first 7 ribs
Floating Ribs
last 2 pairs of ribs; no anterior attachment with sternum or other ribs (11 & 12)
False Ribs
lower 5 pairs of ribs (8-12)
Sternum
flat bone in center of chest; protects organs and muscles
Skull
Occipital Bone
protects lobes/brain; provides attachment to muscles/ligaments
Temporal Bone
protects temporal lobe of brain/cranial nerves
Nasal Bone
form external surfaces of nose; protect nasal cavity
Sphenoid Bone
forms base of lateral sides of skull
Parietal Bone
structural; form shape of head; protects brain; limits swelling
Mandible
facilitates jaw movement for chewing and speaking
Frontal
supports head structures; protecting brain
Zygomatic Bone
gives shape and structure to face (cheek bone)
Maxilla
holds tooth roots; most of hard palate
Vomer Bone
blocks action of chemicals in body
Mandibular
forms lower jaw; acts as a receptacle for the lower teeth
Palatine Bone
forms roof of mouth; seperates oral cavity from nasal cavity
Appendicular Skeleton
bones of upper and lower limbs; girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton
Arms
Radius
allows movement; long bone; lateral side of ulna
Carpals
wrist
Ulna
long bone; medial side of radius
Metacarpals
between phalanges and carpals
Humerus
largest bone of upper extremity
Phalanges
fingers
Legs
Fibula
long bone; lower extremity; lateral side of tibia
Talus
small bone in ankle
Tibia
long bone; medial side of fibula
Tarsal
make up ankle
Patella
knee
Metatarsal
between phalanges and tarsal
Femur
thigh bone
Calcaneus
heel
Phalanges
toes
Coxal Bone
pelvic bone; irregularly shaped
Bone fracture repair
Fractures are breaks
Fracture Classification
completeness of break
complete
broken all the way through
incomplete
not broken al the way through
whether skin penetrated
open (compound)
skin is penetrated
closed (simple)
skin is not penetrated
position of bone ends after fracture
displaced
ends are out of normal alignment
nondisplaced
ends retain normal position
common types of fractures
Greenstick
bone breaks incompletely, only one side of shaft breaks; the other side bends; common in children, whose bones have relatively more organic matrix and are more flexible than those of adults
Depressed
broken bone portion is pressed inward; typical of skull fracture
Epiphyseal
epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate; tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occuring
Spiral
ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied; common sports fracture
Compression
bone is crushed; common in porus bones subjectted to extreme trauma, as in a fall
Comminuted
bone fragments into 3 or more pieces; particularly common in the aged, bones are more brittle
Fracture Repair
involves reduction: realignment of broken bone ends
open reduction
surgical pins or wires secure ends
immobilization
bone by cast or traction is needed for healing
time needed for repair depends on break severity, bone broken, and age of patient
closed reduction
physician manipulates to correct position
repair involves 4 major parts
Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation
capillaries grow into hematoma
phagocytic cells clear debris; fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to span break and connect broken ends
fibroblasts, cartilage, and osteogenic cells begin reconstruction of bone
creates cartilage matrix of repair tissue; osteoblasts form spongy bone within matrix
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Bony Callus Formation
wothin one week, new trabeculae appear in fibrocartilaginous callus
callus is converted to bony (hard) callus of spongy bone; formation continues for about 2 months until union forms
Hematoma Formation
Torn blood vessels hemorrhage, forming mass of clotted blood called a hematoma
site is swollen, painful, and inflammed
Bone Remodeling
excess material on diaphysis exterior and within medullary cavity Is removed
compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls; final structure resembles original structure
responds to same mechanical stressors
Differences between male and female skeleton
Female Skeleton
shorter and broader than the male pelvis
is built like this for the purpose of childbirth
pubic arch is wider
Male Skeleton
taller, narrower, and more compact pelvis
coccyx is rounded upward
pubic arch is narrower
Anatomy of the long bone
Diaphysis
tubular shaft that forms long axis of bones; consists of compact bone surrounding central medullary cavity that is filled with yellow marrow in adults
Compact Bone
also called lameller bone
canals and canaliculi
runs through core of osteon; canals lined with endosteum that occur at right angles to central canal; small cavities that contain osteocytes; hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and to central canal
interstitial and circumferential lamella
lamellae contain collagen fibers that run in different directions in adjacent rings
osteon (haversian system)
structual unit of compact bone
Endosteum
delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surface
Periosteum
white, double layered membrane that covers external surfaces except joints
Yellow Bone Marrow
found in medullary cavity; yellow in adults; red in children
Medullary Cavity
hollow part of bone that contains bone marrow
Bone Markings
sites of muscle, ligament, and tendons attachment on external surfaces
protection
outward bulge of bone
depression
bowl or groove like cut out that can serve as passageways for vesself and nerves, or plays role in joint
opening
hole or canal in bone that serves as passageways for blood vessels and nerves
Epiphyses
ends of long bones that consists of compact bone externally and spingy bone internally
Spongy Bone
appears poorly organized but is actually organized along lines of stress to help bone resist any stress
Articular Cartilage
covers articular (joint) surfaces
Compact Bone
also called lamellar bone
canals and canaliculi
runs through core of osteon; canals lined with endostem that occur at right angles to central canal; small cavities that contain osteocytes; hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and to central canal
interstitial and circumferential lamellae
lamellae contain collagen fibers that run in different directions in adjacent rings
osteon (haversian system)
structural unit of compact bone
Endosteum
delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surface
Red Bone Marrow
found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploe of flat bones, such as sternum
Epiphyseal Line
between diaphysis and epiphyses; contains epiphyseal plate where bone growth occurs
Membranes
Periosteum
White, double layers membrane that covers external surfaces except joints
Fibrous layer
outer layer consisting of dense irregular connective tissue consisting of Sharpey's fibers that secure to bone matrix
Osteogenic layer
inner layer abutting bone and contains primitive osteogenic stem cells that give rise to most all bone cells
Endosteum
delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surface; covers trabeculae of spongy bone; lines canals
Bone remodeling
consists of both bone deposit and bone resorption
occurs at surfaces of both periosteum and endosteum
Remodeling units: packets of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts coordinate remodeling process
Resorption
function of osteoclasts
secrete lysosomal enzymes and protons that digestive matrix; acidity converts calcium salts to soluble forms; also phagocytize demineralized matrix and dead osteocytes
Bone Deposit
new bone matrix is deposited by osteoblasts
excess ,material on diaphysis exterior and within medullary cavity is removed