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INTRODUCTION TO TERRESTRIAL NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY - Coggle Diagram
INTRODUCTION TO TERRESTRIAL NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY
Primary Metabolites
Ubiquitous (present, appearing or found anywhere)
Obvious function for growth and development
lipids
nucleoties
amino acids
organic acids
Secondary Metabolites
Distributed among limited taxonomic groups
Divergent
Function not clear
Saponins , flavonoids , steroid , alkaloids
WHY DO PLANTS PRODUCE AND ACCUMULATE NATURAL PRODUCTS ?
to adapt to diverse environment
Allelopathy
The biological process in which plants are able to suppress the growth of other plants near them.
Some plants are able to do allelopathy by releasing chemicals in their leaves as they fall and decompose / by releasing allelopathic chemicals from roots.
Phytoalexins
Low molecular weight antimicrobial compound that are produced by plants as a response to biotic and abiotic stresses
take part in an intricate defense system which enables plants to control invading microorganism
Phytoanticipin
Low molecular weight antimicrobial compound present in plants before challenge by microorganism or produced after infection solely from preexisting constituents
WHY STUDY SECONDARY METABOLITES / NATURAL PRODUCTS ?
direct uses as drugs
as starting materials in the synthesis of useful drugs
as a model for pharmacological active compounds
Limited sources or toxicity effect
Chemotaxonomy
classification of plants based on chemical compounds
CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS
Chemical structures
Open-chain aliphatic / fatty compounds
fatty acid , sugars , most amino acid
Alicyclic / Cycloaliphatic compounds
terpenoids , steroids , alkaloids
Aromatic / Benzenoid compounds
phenolics , quinones
Heterocyclic compounds
alkaloids , flavonoids , nucleic acid bases
Physiological activities
occasionally a close correlation is found between their activity
morphine - pain killer , penicilin - antimicrobial
Prostaglandins
hormone-like substances that participate in a wide range of body function
contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle
the dilation and constriction of blood vessels
control of blood pressure
modulation of inflammation
derived from a chemical called arachidonic acid
Taxonomy
Based on comparative morphological studies of plants or plants taxonomy
limited distribution to the particular family
Biogenesis
biogenesis - based on hypothesis , biosynthesis - experimentally proven route
Isoprene Rule proposed by Ruzicka
all terpenoids are built up from C5 isoprene units
Example : nerol (14) , santonin (15) , oleanolic acid (16)
Polyketomethylene theory proposed by Robinson
for phenoic compound (aromatic compound)
first suggestion to acetogenin (polyketide) biosyntheis
Escherichia coli used proposed Shikimic acid pathways by Davis
showed the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acid and related compounds by using Shikimic Acid as an intermediate
Biosynthesis Pathways
Mevalonate Pathways
Involves the synthesis of terpenoids / steroids utilizing mevalonic acid
Shikimate Pathways
Involves the synthesis of aromatic amino acids and phenylpronoids / derivatives
Polyketide / Acetogenin / Acetate-malonate pathyways
Involves in the synthesis of aromatic compounds
Alkaloids Pathways
Involves in the production of alkaloids utilizing amino acids, Mannich Reaction and phenol oxidation and coupling