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Key Topic 3: State Control and Popular Resistance - Coggle Diagram
Key Topic 3: State Control and Popular Resistance
BP1: Tudor control of the country: the Marcher Council and the Council of the North; the role of the nobility in maintaining control; the growing power of the justices of the peace; the lords lieutenant under Elizabeth.
The Marcher Council and the Council of the North
What were the Marches?
A militarised zone on the English borders with Wales and Scotland
Own laws and customs
Defence against hostile invasion
Controlled by local nobility
Hard to control
The Marcher Council (Wales)
Welsh lands traditionally given to the English heir
Own separate laws
Technically part of England but formed a buffer zone with Wales
Wolsey tried to strenthen royal control by creating a Council of the Marches - failed
Cromwell's changed to the Welsh Marches
Appointed Rowland Lee to act as Lord President of the Council of Wales
1536 Act of Union (replaced Principality and lordships with 13 English style counties with English legal system)
1543 the Marcher Council was given specific powers
Now a more formal body with a president and vice president appointed by monarch
Successfully extended power of monarch into a region which had caused problmes
The Council of the North
Northern Marches split into 3
Western
Middle
Eastern
Controlled by wardens who were responsible for defence and control
wardens taken from powerful noble rival families
Changes to the Council of the North
Wolsey re-established the Council of the North in 1525
President was either a bishop or a noble from the South or Midlands
Council made up of local gentry, lawyers, and clergy
Oversaw the administration of the North, controlled border raiders, and maintained law and order
Strengthened after the Pilrimage of Grace 1536
Became voice of the government in London
The role of the nobility in maintaining control
Integral part of government
Controlled local government
Maintain control in the regions
King sometimes asked them to run other parts of the country away from their ancestral lands
Advised the King in Council, in Parliament, and at Court
Provided the generals and military leaders
Many benefited from the dissolution and were supportive of royal supremacy
Could also be a threat
The growing power of the justices of the peace
The lords lieutenant under Elizabeth
BP3: Resistance to Tudor rule: the significance of resistance to demands for subsidies and taxes; the nature of the threat posed by popular risings, 1536–69; reasons for the decline of popular resistance, 1570–88.
The significance of resistance to demands for subsidies and taxes
Opposition to high levels of taxation - a common cause of popular revolt
The Amicable Grant 1525
Wolsey found that parliament would not agree to his demands for £800,000 in 1523
Forced loan
4000 people gathered in Lavenham in protest
Contributed to the downfall of Wolsey
Resistance to the Amicable Grant 1525
Shows that monarchs were not able to raise money from their subjects using non-parliamentary methods
Passive resistance and open protests
Taxation was a factor in the Pilgrimage of Grace
Henry had ambitious foreign policy and thus often in need of money to fund wars with France and Scotland
The Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace 1536
Rebels demands
The York Articles
WHAT? Grievances written up by the leader of the rebels, Robert Aske, and sent to the mayor of York on 15th October 1536
Political
People in Henry's council of low birth and reputation, who profit and take advantage
Religious
Suppression of many religious houses
Bishops
Social/economic
Act of Uses
Tax on sheep and cattle
The Pontefract Articles
WHAT? 24 demands drawn up in Pontefract on 2-4th December 1536
Political
Argued for the legitimacy of Mary
Demanded punishment of Cromwell, Riche, and the Chancellor
Demanded punishment of doctors Ligh and Layton for extortions in their times of visitations
Parliament be in Nottingham or York
Statutes of treasons by words be repealed
Common laws have place as was used at the beginning of Henry's reign
Religious
Heresies be destroyed
Restore head of church to the Pope
Restore suppressed abbeys
Heretics burned
Privileges and rights of the church be confirmed
Church have their old customs
Social/economic
To have thye tenth anf first fruits clearly discharged
Statute for enclosures to be put into execution
To have the statute that no man shall will his lands to be repealed.
Causes
Social and economic
1534 Subsidy Act
Bad harvests of 1535 and 1536
Rumours of new taxes on sheep and cattle
Enclose
Rent
Entry fines
Statute of Uses
Religious
Abolition of holy days
Involvement of monks and clergy
Dissolution of the monasteries
Political
Faction struggle (Aragonese v Boleyn)
Exclusion of North from government
Restoration of Mary
Centralising policies of Cromwell
Seriousness
Evidence the rebellion was serious
Rebel force of 30,000 (largest of the Tudor period)
Well organised and effective
gentry, priests, and commons (variety)
Nobility
Rebels hold Pontefract and York
Range of rebel demands
Challenged Henry's supremacy of the church
Wide geographical spread
Stops dissolutions for a time
Stops collection of subsidy tax for a time
Henry is forced to negotiate as rebels outnumber forced 4 to 1
Evidence the rebellion was not serious
Failed
No battle
Dissolutions continue
Cromwell remains in power
Limited aristocratic involvement
Mixed aims
Whole country not affected
Does not challenge Henry as king
Makes further opposition more difficult
No foreign involvement
Henry does not agree to all demands
Triggered by the presence of at least 3 sets of government commissioners in the reign
Rebellion sparked by the arrival of the Bishop of Lincon's official of Louth on 2nd October to carry out a visitation of the clergy
Rebels tried to restore 16 of the 55 monasteries
Government suppression
Swift action
Threatened rebels with harsh punishments
Royal army, led by Duke of Suffolk
The nature of the threat posed by popular risings, 1536–69
Reasons for the decline of popular resistance, 1570–88
BP2: The state and the poor: reasons for the growth of poverty in Tudor England; punishments for beggars and vagrants; the importance of charities and local authorities in the provision of poor relief.
Reasons for the growth of poverty in Tudor England
The reign of Henry VIII
Why was there poverty in Henry's reign?
Population growth
London 60,000 in 1500 to 200,000 in 1600
2.26million in 1525 to 3.01million in 1551
Prices rising
Supply and demand due to population growth
Hard to increase food production as landlords lacked technology
Harvest failures
Harvest failures
eg. 1519-21 and 1527-29
Prices rise and grains become scarce
Goods affected include butter, eggs, wool
Dissolution of the monasteries meant less charity in place for poor people and less care places for sick people
Declining wages
More competition for work
Groups who coped well were those who had sufficient land and property to exploit this trend through agricultural production
Groups who were hit hard include those lower down the social ladder
Land and growth of poverty
Enclosure
The situation of poverty made worse by ambitious landlords who enclosed the common land on which the poorest in society were reliant
Attempts by landlords to increase their profit
Rack-renting
Rapid increases in rents
Forestalling
Process of deliberately withholding supplies from the local market in order to push up prices
Dissolution of the monasteries
Former monastic lands passed into the lay landlords who were less scrupulous in their dealings with the tenants they had inherited
Monetary causes
Impact of the influx of gold and silver from the New World
Led to a price revolution and more inflation. As more gold and silver was turned into currency, so prices rose further.
Debasement of the coinage
Meant that there was more money in circulation, which in turn led to more inflation. Also meant tat its face value decreased, leading to charging more for goods.
The reign of Mary I
1555 and 1556 felt heavy rain causing the worst harvest of the century, resulting in increase in grain price
1556-58 typhus epidemic followed by influenza, killing 1/10 people
Population dropped 5% 1556-1561
Punishments for beggars and vagrants
Vagrancy Act 1547
Vagrant: someone able-bodied who had been without a master or employment for 3+ days
1st offense: 'V' branded on the person's chest; forced to work as a slave for 2 years for the person who had informed against them.
2nd offense: 'S' branded on the person's face; enslaved for life
Final punishment: Execution
Impotent beggars were to be sent to the parish where they were born, to be looked after in a house for the disabled poor.
Poor Law 1552
Replaced the too harsh Vagrancy Act 1547 in 1550 and was repealed in 1552
Required impotent poor to be registered for the first time
Required parish priests and bishops to place more pressure on those who were reluctant to make voluntary contributions to alms in the parishes
Condition of vagrants by 1588
Still forced into houses of corrections
Government had moved somewhat towards supporting the poor and away from punishing them for laziness
Increased expectation that local parishes would provide for their poor
Poor Law/Vagabonds Act 1531
Vagrants to be whipped
Impotent poor were to be licensed by a JP and allowed to beg
Act for the Relief of the Poor 1563
Moved towards making payments to the poor relief in the parish almost compulsory
Refusal to contribute could lead to imprisonment
Special collectors of alms appointed
Statue of Artificers 1553
All men ages 12-60 below gentleman rank should look for work and not to leave their employment without permission
All unmarried people under 30 were to be forced to serve an employer at times of harvest
Poor Law 1572
Punishment for unlicensed beggars remained seveer
Became harder to get a licence - had to be signed by 2 JPs
Government did, however, recognise there was not enough work available
Encouraged parishes with extra poor-relief funds to build 'houses of corrections' for vagrants and beggars.
Poor law 1576
One house of correction per county
The importance of charities and local authorities in the provision of poor relief
Help made available to the poor in Edward's reign 1547-1553
Arranged for the grant of several Crown properties to a group of London merchants for the specific purpose of setting up help for the poor
Bridewall Place
Christ's hospital for Orphans (1552)
St Bartholemew's Hospital for the sick poor
Bethlehem Hospital / 'Bedlam' for the insane
In Norwich and York, compulsory contributions to poor relief was set up in 1549 and 1551
The London hospitals
Poor relief
Edward donated Bridewell Palace to the City of London in 1553 to be refunded as a refuge for homeless or orphaned children
House of corrections
For vagrants, prostitites, and other 'undeserving' poor
Christ's
St Thomas
St Bartholomew's
Bethlehem
Focused on health and education
Local authorities and poor relief
Until the reformation, the church had been responsibly for much of the charitable work
Reformation meant people no longer were obliged to donate money to the church
Dissolution of the monasteries and other religious houses
More difficult to manage the poor in towns and cities
Individual charity
Catholicism
Good works
Donated money to the poor and in return the poor would pray for their benefactors
Money given in both life and in wills
Funeral donations called 'doles'
Protestantism
Saw this Catholic approach as superstitious
Donation charity did not have the same motivation
Charity was less personal and more institutional
Money donations in wills declining
Conditions to charity - poor had to behave in a godly way
Government legislation to tackle poverty
The Vagabond Acts 1530 and 1536
Punishing those who the government felt were not making sufficient effort to get work or avoid begging
Parish collections from 1552
Collecting and distributing alms to the deserving poor
Vagrants were to be whipped out of towns they visited
Parishes were expected to take care of their own poor
Registers for the poor
How did provisions for the poor change under Elizabeth I?
Act of Uniformity 1559
Parish funds for poor relief recieved a considerable boost
Act for the Relief of the Poor 1563
Moved towards making payments to the poor relief in the parish almost compulsory
Refusal to contribute could lead to imprisonment
Special collectors of alms appointed
Statue of Artificers 1553
All men ages 12-60 below gentleman rank should look for work and not to leave their employment without permission
All unmarried people under 30 were to be forced to serve an employer at times of harvest
Poor Law 1572
Punishment for unlicensed beggars remained seveer
Became harder to get a licence - had to be signed by 2 JPs
Government did, however, recognise there was not enough work available
Encouraged parishes with extra poor-relief funds to build 'houses of corrections' for vagrants and beggars.
Poor law 1576
One house of correction per county