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Chemistry P3 - Coggle Diagram
Chemistry P3
States of matter
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- In melting and boiling, energy is transferred from the surroundings to the substance.
- In freezing and condensing, energy is transferred from the substance to the surroundings
Simple particle models are useful but they have their limitations as ions, atoms and particles are not solid spheres with no forces between them.
Covalent bonding
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Many substances containing covalent bonds consist of simple molecules but some have giant covalent structures
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Atoms into ions
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Elements in group 7 react with elements in group 1. As they react, atoms of group 1 elements can each lose one electron to gain the stable electronic structure of a noble gas. This electron can be given to a group 7, which also then gains an electron to have a stable structure
Ionic bonding
Ionic compounds are held together by strong forces of attraction between their oppositely charged ions, which is ionic bonding
Only specific pairs of groups can complete ionic bonds, Their number have to add to 8, ie, 2 and 6, 7 and 1
Giant ionic lattices
It takes a lot of energy to break the many strong ionic bonds, operating in all directions, that hold a giant ionic lattice together, so ionic compounds have high melt points, they are solid at room temp.
Ionic compounds will conduct electricity when dissolved in water or molten, in solid form, the ions cannot move so cannot carry charge.
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Bonding in metals
- The atoms in metals are closely packed together and arranged in regular layers
- You can think of metallic bonding as positively charged metal ions, which are held together by the outermost electrons from each ion. These electrons are delocalised and move freely