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Food Tech - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Function: Maintain, grow and repair, muscle tissue, nails, hair, enzymes and antibodies. There are 9 essential amino acids and 12 non essential amino acids. We can produce these non esseential amino acids through our body processes but we can't produce the essential amino acids so we gain them by our diet.
        Sources: There are two types of protein, High biological value and low biological value(LBV). High biological value(HBV) proteins contain all of the essential amino acids whereas low biological value proteins do not contain all amino acids required. HBV proteins are usually found in animal products such as meat, dairy, poultry and soya beans(the only vegan HBV protein). LBV proteins are usually found in plant products in chickpeas, beans, mycoprotein(mushroom fungus and eggwhite(or potato starch)), Tofu(curdled soya milk), TVP(Textured vegetable protein made from soya beans and flour). Different LBV proteins can be mixed to gain all essential amino acids and this is called protein complementation.
        Daily Requirement: 55g of protein is required for men and 45g of protein is required for women. Pregnant women require 6g more protein, growing children need more protein(relative to size and mass) and physically active people need more protein for muscle growth and repair.
        Excess of protein: Extreme liver and kidney stress as they help process these proteins.
        Deficiency: This can cause slowed growth in places such as hair, nails and skin and can cause wounds not to heal fast. The immune system does not function properly as well so there is a higher risk of infection. If this becomes a severe malnutrition, you can develop kwashiokor or odema(build up of fluid in feet or in severe cases, swelled up bellies).
    - - Function:To provide energy. Carbohydrates are split into 2 categories, simple(sugar) & complex(starch). Starchy foods contain lots of nutrients such as fibre, b vitamins, Iron and Calcium. Sugars don't have any other nutritional benefit but bursts of energy.
        Chemistary of Carbohydrates: Simple carbohydrates are either monosaccharides or disacchardies. A monosaccharide is a single sugar molecule/monomer and can include galactose, fructose and glucose. These can be bonded by condensation reactions forming glycosidic bonds which can either be beta or alpha. beta bonds can't be broken by our digestive system unlike alpha bonds. These monosaccharides can be joined into ogligosaccharides(3-10 monosaccharides) or polysaccharides(>10 monosaccharides) which are complex carbohydrates. Polysaccharides are always broken down into their monosaccharide form so the more molecules, more of a steady release the food will give but monosaccharides are easily digested as they have no bonds causing it to be a sugar. Monosaccharides and disaccharides contain fewer bonds as there are only 1-2 bonds connecting the molecules so they have a high glycaemic index. This is due to the fact that they can be digested very quickly so it's index is high. Polysaccharides contain more bonds so it takes more time to digest causing it to have a low glycaemic index.
        Sources Half of your body should be carbohydrates(minority should be sugars. Simple carbohydrates is found in sugary products or food that contains sugar such as sweets, honey, fruits and cakes. Complex carbohydrates is found in starch such as bread, cereal, pasta, potatoes and rice.
        Deficiency This can cause hunger, dizziness and tiredness due tot the fact that your blood sugar level as dropped. This also make you lose muscle making you weaker as your body will use protein as energy. You can also lose fat as your body will use this up causing weight loss.
        Excess: This can cause obesity and maybe type 2 diabetes. type 2 diabetes would occur due to fact that too much sugar can fluctuate your blood sugar levels which can make you stop producing insulin leading to Furthermore, more sugar can cause tooth decay as sugars rot your teeth. Too much carbs can lead can lead to fats being stored after too much.
    - - Fuction:To provide insulation layer to heat and protect the body as well as fat soluble vitamins(A, D, E, K) and provides more concentrated source of energy.
        Chemistary of Fats: Fats are made up of fatty acids and glycerol in the form of triglycerides(1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids).There are two types of fats: non saturated and saturated. Looking at saturated fats, they only contain single carbon bonds in their hydrocarbon. Saturated fats are more unhealthy as they increase cholestrol levels which can lead to Coronary heart disease. They are usually solid at room temperature due to their high melting points and usually come from animals but there are plant sources such as coconut butter. Non saturated fats contain double carbon bonds in their hydrocarbon tail . They are usually liquid at room temperature and come from vegetable sources and they lower chlolestrol. There are two types of unsaturated fats, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats. Monounsaturated fats contain only 1 double carbon bond and polyunsaturated contain more than 1 double carbon bond
        Soures:Fats should be 35% or less of your diet. According to the government, you should onl contain 70g of fat with a maximum of 20g. Saturated fat soures include butter, lard, suet and cheese. Monounsaturated fat sources are found in almonds,olive oil, peanut butter and avacados. Polysaturated fats contain more than 1 double carbon bond.
        Excess: Too much fat can cause obesity due to the weight gain. Furthermore, this can cause type 2 diabetes from the ammount of energy having to be processed using insulin. Due to the cholestrol levels of the fat can cause coronary heart disease and heart diseases causing palipiations.
        Defieciency: A lack of Fat soluble vitamins can cause a range of problems which can lead to severe consequences. Your body will lose weight and you will get colder faster as your layer of insulation is be thinner. This can also lead to the result of your body being weaker from knocks.
  - - - Vitamin A: Needed for good eyesight for night vision, growth of a healthy immune system and skin. It is mainly found retinol found in liver butter, oily fish, eggs and orange yellow fruit and veg. Too much over time can weaken bones. Too little can cause a weaker immune system, stunted growth and night blindness. The NHS recomends 0.7mg for men and 0.6 for women.
      - Vitamin D: helps absorb minerals such as calcium for the deveopment of the skeleton. It is usually found in oily fish, egg yolks and produced when skin is exposed to sunlight. An excess of D can cause kidney damage. A defieciency can cause osteomalacia(where bones become soft), rickets and osteoporosis (where bones become brittle. We require 0.01g of vitamin D a day.
      - Vitamin K: clots blood, heals wounds and maintains the immune system and bones. It is usually found in leafy greens, cereal, vegetable oils and meats. There is no consequence of having an excess of K. Having a deficiency, which is very rare, can cause uncontrollable bleeding in newborn babies. The recomended ammount is 0.001 per kg of body weight.
      - Vitamin E: it keeps skin and eyes healthy and improves our immune system. It is also a antidioxant keeping us safe from Free Radicals. It is usually found in leafy greens, nuts and vegetable oils. An excess can caused blurred vision, nausea and blood clotting. A defieciency can cause a weak muscles and eyesight problems. A man should have 4g and women should 3g.
      - Storage of Fat soluble vitamins: all fat is stored as fat tissue which is stored all around your boyd as a insulation layer which can help
    - - Calcium: stengthens and maintatins your bones, teeth, nerves and muscles for blood clotting. Sources may include, dairy, green leafy vegtables and tofu. A defieciency can cause osteoporosis, osteomalicia, rickets and can slow down blood clotting. An excess can lead to kidney stones or failiure
      - Sodium: regualtes water content and helps nerves to function and is found in salt(sodium chlroide). Too little can lead to muscle cramps and nausea. An excess can cause heart diseases
      - Iron: provides haemoglobin which is essential to red blood cells function and gives it it's red colour. It is found in dark green vegetables such as spinach as well as meat. An excess is toxic so this cna can cause stomach pains, nausea, constipation and even death. A deficiency can cause anaemia
      - Phosphorus: needed for healthy skelatal system and is found in protein rich foods. Too much can cause it being harder to absorb calcium. Too little can cause weak muscles and painful bones
    - - Iodine: used to make hormones in the body and is found in seafood, dairy and vegetables. Too little causes goitre(neck swelling in unborn babies
      - Fluoride: strengthens teeth and enamel and prevents tooth decay. It is found in dental products and fish. Too much is toxic so brown teeth and higher risk of cancer and too little can cause tooth decay
    - - B1(Thaimin): helps the nervous sytem and energy release being found in carbohydrates, peas, eggs and liver. A defieciency can cause weak muscles, tiredness and beriberi( a disease that affects heart, blood vessels and nervous system).
      - B2(riboflavin): Helps with energy release and repring tissues and is found in milk, eggs cheese, and leafy greens. Defieciency symptoms are dry skin, a sore throat and sores around the mouth
      - B3(Niacin): helps with energy release and maintains healthy nervous system and skin and is found in wheat, nuts, meat and fish. A defieciency can cause Pellagra(a disease causing fatigue, depression and a loss of energy
      - B9(Folic Acid): crucial for growing healthy babies and works with vitamin B12 to make red blood cells and is found in liver, peas and leafy greens. Defieciency can cause anaemia, tiredness, weak muscles and mouth sores. It is important for pregnant women as low levels at conception can cause spina bifda in babies
      - B12(Cobalamin): Helps the nervous sytem and works with B9 to make red blood cells and is foudn in milk, eggs, meat and fish. A defieciency can cause tirdness, nerve damage(in extreme calses)
      - Vitamin C: Protects the body from infection and allergies and keeps blood vessels healthy, healing wounds. Furthermore, it produces collagen. Sources include citrus fruits, tomatoes, green veg and potatoes. A deficiency Can include Anaemia, scurvy(tirdness & bleeding gums), increased risk of cancer
      - Antidioxants: chemicals that protect us from free radicals which are chemicals that we encounter every day of our lives which can damage our body's cells which can lead to diseases such as cancer and heart disease. Vitamin A, C, and E have antioxidants.
      - Water soluble Vitamin Storage: All of these vitamins are lost so not much impact will occur having too much but having too much C can cause stomach pain and diarroea