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Bio - Chapter 3 - Coggle Diagram
Bio - Chapter 3
3.3 - Carbohydrates
used as an energy source, an energy store and for structure
monosaccharides are simple sugars which all carbohydrates are built from; they're sweet, soluble in water and form crystals
carbohydrates are grouped by the number of carbons eg. pentoses, hexoses etc.
hexoses are most common eg. glucose, fructose, galactose
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when monosaccharides join they form glycosidic bonds in condensation reactions (hydrolysis reactions break glycosidic bonds - requires water to replace the H and OH)
glucose
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in ring glucose, the 1st and 5th carbons join to form the ring
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beta glucose is not used in respiration as plants and animals only have the enzymes to break down alpha glucose
amylose
long chain polymer of alpha glucose with 1,4 glycosidic linkage
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amylopectin
branched chain polymer of alpha glucose with 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic linkage
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glycogen
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shorter 1,4 linkages meaning more branches, making it more compact
cellulose
polymer of beta glucose, rotating 180 degrees each time forming long chains of cellulose
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bundles of microfibrils are then joined by hydrogen bonds to form macrofibrils which are close to steel in mechanical strength
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cell walls prevent cells from bursting if too much water enters, instead making them turgid
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3.2 - Water
water is a polar molecule - different parts of the molecule have slight, opposing charges (H = + /NO = -), tese attract forming weak bonds
hydrogen bonds form between dipoles (pairs of electric charges), individual ones are very weak (dotted lines) but many can be strong)
properties
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structure of ice
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when it melts, hydrogen bonds collapse allowing the molecules to move closer together