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Unit 4.5 - Coggle Diagram
Unit 4.5
Pancreas
exo-endocrine gland: consists of both endo and exocrine cells
endocrine portion is
Islet of Langerhans
: clumps of glandular epithelial cells scattered within pancreas
alpha cells produce =
glucagon
beta cells produce =
insulin
delta cells produce =
somatostatin
pancreatic polypeptide (F) cells produce =
pancreatic polypeptides
function of insulin
lowers blood glucose levels by:
stimulating transport of glucose across cell membranes
stimulating glycogen syntehsis
promotes protein synthesis
facilitates synthesis of fats
hyperinsulinism
an excess of insulin leads to =
hypoglycaemia
cause: accidental overdoes of insulin in diabetic patients
effects:
affect higher brain centres
mental confusion
disturbances in locomotion
respiratory disturbances
= coma = death
functions of glucagon
increases blood glucose levels by:
glycogenesis
= breakdown of glycogen into glucose
gluconeogenesis
= synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and non-carbs
release of glucose to blood from liver cells
by raising glucose; glucagon:
stimulate insulin production
promote lipolysis
promote proteolysis
types of diabetes
type I diabetes
/ juvenile onset
develops before age 40
not associated with diabetes
plasma insulin is low or absent
ketosis and acidosis are common
causes:
degeneration of beta cells
destruction of beta cells
congenital beta cell disorder
autoimmune destruction of beta cells
treatment: insulin therapy
type II diabetes
/ maturity onset
develops after age 40
associated with obesity
plasma insulin are normal or elevated
ketosis and acidosis are uncommon
cause: cell membranes have become insulin-resistant
treatment:
dietary regimes
hypoglycaemic agents
weight reduction
exercise
endocrine disorders of pancreas
diabetes mellutis
= condition that develops due to inability of beta cells to produce insulin
high blood glucose (hyperglycaemia)
presence of glucose in urine (glucosuria)
thirst and increase water intake (polydipsia)
excessive consumption of food (polyphagia)