with either by magistrates or crown court. can make first appearance before magistrates and if not guilty, magistrates decide if they want to keep case or not- if they do keep it, the D then has the right to elect crown court or consent to a summary trial. examples include theft, fraud, most forms of burglary, handling stolen goods, going equipped to steal, inflicting GBH, assault occasioning ABH, sexual assaults, threats to kill, criminal damage, dangerous driving,