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MAP, pointers Nurmukhanbetova Laura, Bayakhmet Yesendir. Pointer and…

- - - - Default Constructor: A constructor that can be called with no arguments. It initializes objects when no initial values are provided.
      - Copy Constructor: A constructor that creates a new object as a copy of an existing object. It takes a reference to an object of the same class.
      - Copy Assignment Operator: An operator that assigns the contents of one object to another existing object of the same class.
      - Move Constructor: A constructor that transfers resources from a temporary object (rvalue) to a new object, enabling efficient resource management.
      - Move Assignment Operator: An operator that transfers resources from one existing object to another existing object, allowing for efficient assignment of temporary objects.
      - Destructor: A function that is called when an object goes out of scope or is explicitly deleted. It is responsible for freeing resources allocated to the object.
- - - - urpose: To initialize objects of a class.
        
        Types: Default, parameterized, and copy constructors.
        
        Overloading: You can define multiple constructors with different parameters.
        
        Usage: Constructors enhance the flexibility and functionality of class objects by allowing various initialization methods.
        
        include <iostream>
        
        using namespace std;
        
        class Car {
        
        public:
        
        string brand;
        
        string model;
        
        int year;
        
        Car(string x, string y, int z) {
        
        brand = x;
        
        model = y;
        
        year = z;
        
        }
        
        };
        
        int main() {
        
        Car carObj1("BMW", "X5", 1999);
        
        Car carObj2("Ford", "Mustang", 1969);
        
        cout << carObj1.brand << " " << carObj1.model << " " << carObj1.year << "\n";
        
        cout << carObj2.brand << " " << carObj2.model << " " << carObj2.year << "\n";
        
        return 0;
        
        }
- - - - Function overloading is a feature of object-oriented programming where two or more functions can have the same name but different parameters.
        
        C++ has the ability to provide the operators with a special meaning for a data type, this ability is known as operator overloading. Operator overloading is a compile-time polymorphism. For example, we can overload an operator ‘+’ in a class like String so that we can concatenate two strings by just using +.
        
        This feature of OOPS concepts enables the programmer to develop a function with a name unchanged, but with different execution behavior thereby making the code more readable and reusable.
        
        There are certain rules to be followed while overloading a function in C++. Let us have a look at some of them:
        
        1 more item...
        
        The functions must have the same name
        
        The functions must have different types of parameters.
        
        The functions must have a different set of parameters.
        
        The functions must have a different sequence of parameters.
- - - - In C-style programming, raw pointers are used for all these scenarios
        
        The address of a variable can be obtained by preceding the name of a variable with an ampersand sign (&), known as address-of operator
        
        Example: foo = &myvar;