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CHEMISTRY, MICROBIAL METABOLISM, NUTRITION & GROWTH - Coggle Diagram

- - - - valence orbital: outermost orbital of electrons on an atom; predicts behavior of atom; determines if atoms would ionize
    - - isotope: atoms with the same atomic number but different number of neutrons
    - - anion: negatively charged ion; attracts cations & can form a bond
      - cation: positively charged ion; attracts anions & can form bond
    - - ionic bond: formed between atoms that have ionized; e- are transferred from an atom to another
        
        ex. chloride (7 valence e-) & sodium (1 valence e-)
      - covalent bonds: when 2 or more atoms share electrons
        
        ex. hydrogen & carbon
        
        polar bond: unequal covalent bonds; e- spends more time orbiting one atom; based on electronegativity; makes one atom slightly more negative and the other slightly positive
        
        ex. H2O; O is more electronegative than H; e- spends more time orbiting the O atom
        
        nonpolar: equal covalent bonds; e- spends even amount of time orbiting each atom
      - hydrogen bonds: bonds formed between polar molecules of opposite charges; weak and break easily; not a true ionic bond
        
        ex. O & H in separate H2O molecules bonding; O is slightly negative, H is slightly positive
        
        ** when molecules with polarity are placed in water, they can dissociate and break apart when interacting with slightly charged H2O molecules
- - - - ATP: energy molecule
  - - - basic amino group:
      - acid group called carboxyl group
      - R group: varies; unique to each amino acid
      - main carbon atom
  - - - RNA: ribonucleic acid
        
        5-carbon sugar; ribose (RNA) and deoxyribose (DNA)
        
        nitrogenous base: adenine, thymine (DNA), guanine, cytosine, uracil (RNA)
        
        pyrimidine: single-ringed
        
        purine: double ringed
      - DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; one ribose is missing an oxygen, hence deoxy-
      - nucleoside
- - - - enzyme-substrate complex: enzyme & substrate binded together
      - active site: where substrate binds & reactions occurs
      - transferase: enzyme that transfers a functional group from one molecule to another
      - hydrolase: uses water to lyse another molecule; hydrolysis reaction
      - isomerase: isomer is a same molecule with different shape; enzyme rearrange atoms/functional groups on a molecule
      - oxidoreductase: enzyme that performs oxidation-reduction reactions; reduce= makes more - ; oxidiation= makes more +
      - proenzyme: non-functional form of an enzyme; before its been activated
      - apoenzyme: functional portion of an enzyme
      - cofactor: inorganic molecule (such as an ion) that increases an enzyme's function; typically by changing the enzyme shape
      - coenzyme: organic molecules that increases the enzyme function
      - factors that affect enzyme activity: temp (high temp denatures, low temp slows rate); pH (extreme pH can denature or slow activity); substrate concentration; negative feedback
        
        non-competitive inhibition: binds to alternate site and changes active site shape
        
        competitive inhibition: competes for active site; effectively blocks the substrate from binding to enzyme & slows the chemical reaction
- - - - AMP: adenosine monophosphate; contains 1 phosphate group
      - ADP: adenosine diphosphate; 2 phosphate group
    - - fermentation: anaerobic metabolism; pyruvate is converted to lactic acid via lactate dehydrogenase ; forms 2 NADH to continue glycolysis
    - - electron transport chain: electron carriers (FADH2 & NADH) converts O2 and H+ into H2O; process results in 32 ATP