Bochner (2000) argues that traditional empiricist criteria are unhelpful and even “silly

universal criteria are problematic, if not fruitless (Guba & Lincoln, 2005)

(Ellingson, 2008; Golafshani, 2003). - more flexible and contextually situated

s helpful pedagogical launching pads across a variety of interpretive arts.

encourage dialogue with members of the scientific, experimental, and quantitative communities

—narrative, phenomenological, grounded theory, ethnographic research, and case study research

Requisite variety : a concept borrowed from cybernetics, refers to the need for a tool or instrument to be at least as complex, flexible, and multifaceted as the phenomena being studied

face validity—which is concerned with whether a study appears, on its face, to be reasonable and appropriate (Golafshani, 2003)

evidence their due diligence, exercising appropriate time, effort, care, and thoroughness.

transparency regarding the process of sorting, choosing, and organizing the data.

examine their impact on the scene and note others’ reactions to them.

self-reflexive commentary - subjective feeling and sense making

show rather than tell self-reflexivity by weaving one’s reactions or reflexive considerations of self-as-instrument

honesty about the research process.

“a methodologically self-critical account of how the research was done”

credit is given where due in terms of author order and acknowledgements to participants, funding sources, research assistants, and supportive colleagues.

trustworthiness, verisimilitude, and plausibility of the research findings

in-depth illustration that explicates culturally situated meanings (Geertz, 1973) and abundant concrete detail (Bochner, 2000)

if two or more sources of data, theoretical frameworks, types of data collected, or researchers converge on the same conclusion, then the conclusion is more credible

relates to the practice of using multiple data sources, researchers, and lenses—but is motivated by poststructural and performative assumptions—is crystallization

open up a more complex, in-depth, but still thoroughly partial, understanding of the issue.

Closely aligned with the notion of crystallization and showing rather than telling, is multivocality.

the verstehen practice of analyzing social action from the participants’ point of view.

allow for sharing and dialoguing with participants about the study’s findings, and providing opportunities for questions, critique, feedback, affirmation, and even collaboration

test of research findings as they are an opportunity for collaboration and reflexive elaboration.

refer research’s ability to meaningfully reverberate and affect an audience.

The potential of research to transform the emotional dispositions of people and promote greater mutual regard has been termed “empathic validity” by Dadds (2008)

“interactive introspection”—a method in which researchers consciously self-examine how their felt emotions affect their private and social experiences.

potential to be valuable across a variety of contexts or situation

Transferability : readers feel as though the story of the research overlaps with their own situation and they intuitively transfer the research to their own action.

readers make choices based on their own intuitive understanding of the scene, rather than feeling as though the research report is instructing them what to do

“intellectually implicative for the scholarly community” (Tracy, 1995, p. 210), extending, building, and critiquing disciplinary knowledge

examining how existing theory or concepts make sense in a new and different context.