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English Language - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Nouns
        
        Concrete
        
        Common
        
        Proper
        
        Abstract
        
        Pronouns
        
        Collective nouns
      - Verbs
        
        Auxiliary
        
        Modal verbs
      - Adjectives
      - Adverbs
      - Conjunctions
        
        Subordinate
        
        Coordinate
      - Prepositions
      - Determiners
        
        Possessives
        
        Articles
        
        Demonstrative
        
        Quantifiers
      - Interjections
    - - Nominalisation
      - Neologism
      - Borrowings
      - Commonisation
    - - Obsolescence
      - Archaism
    - - Function
      - Content
  - - - Metaphor
      - Simile
      - Hyperbole
      - Figurative language
      - Personification
      - Animation
      - Lexical ambiguity
      - irony
      - oxymoron
      - puns
  - - - Paralinguistic features
        
        Vocal effects
        
        Laughter
        
        Whispering
        
        Croakiness
        
        Breathiness
        
        Non verbal features
        
        Gestures
        
        Facial expressions
        
        Eye contact
      - Cohesion
        
        Conjunctions and adverbials
        
        Referencing
        
        Anaphoric
        
        Cataphoric
        
        Substitution
        
        Ellipsis
        
        Lexical choices
        
        Antonymy
        
        Synonymy
        
        Hyponymy
        
        Hypernymy
        
        Information flow
        
        Front or End focus
        
        Clefting
        
        Deixis
        
        Collocations
        
        Repetition
    - - Openings and closings
      - Adjacency pairs
      - Overlapping
        
        Collaborative
        
        Backchanneling/minimal response
        
        Interruptive
        
        Timing
      - Non-fluency features
        
        Pauses
        
        False starts
        
        Filled pauses/voiced hesitations
        
        Repetition
        
        Repairs
        
        Self- initiated self repair
        
        Self-initiated other repair
        
        Other initiated other repair
        
        Other initiated self repair
      - Discourse Particles/markers
        
        Filler
        
        Quotative
    - - Formatting
      - Logical ordering
      - Cohesion
      - Conventions
      - Consoistency
      - Inference
    - - Topic management
      - Turn-taking
        
        pass, keep, take
      - Management of repair sequences
      - Codeswitching
    - - Negative politeness
        
        Hedging
        
        Politeness markers
        
        Interrogatives instead of imperatives
        
        Agentless passives
        
        Low modality modal verbs
      - Positive politeness
        
        Insults (playful)
        
        In-group language
        
        minimal responses
        
        Exaggeration - compliments
        
        Agreement
        
        Phatic interrogatives
  - - - Stem/root
      - Affix
        
        Prefix
        
        Infix
        
        Suffix
      - Bound or free
      - Derivational or inflectional
    - - Affixation
      - Acronyms
      - Initialisms
      - Contractions
      - Blends
      - Shortenings
      - Compounding
      - Backformation
      - Conversion of word class
      - Abbreviation
  - - - Noun phrase
      - Verb phrase
      - Adjective phrase
      - Prepositional phrase
      - Adverb phrase
    - - Subject
      - Object
        
        Direcr
        
        Indirect
      - Predicate
      - Adverbial
      - Complement
    - - Fragment
      - Simple
      - Compound
      - Comples
      - Compound-complex
    - - Imperative
      - Declarative
      - Interrogative
        
        Closed
        
        Opened
      - Exclamative
    - - Antithesis
      - Parallelism
      - Listing
    - - Active
      - Passive
        
        Agentless passive
  - - - Pitch
      - Intonation
      - Stress
      - Volume
      - Tempo
    - - Assonance
      - Consonance
      - Alliteration
      - Onomatopoeia
    - - Assimilation
      - Vowel reduction
      - Insertion
      - Elision
- - - - Prescriptivist
      - Descriptivist