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(Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Karyotheca, Chromatin, Nucleolus, Endoplasmic…
Cell membrane
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The cell membrane regulates and selects the movement of substances into and out of the cell, maintaining a stable internal environment.
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Cytoplasm
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Is mainly composed by water, ions, organic mlecules and organelles
The water acts as solvent, enbaling chemical reactions to take place within it
Jelly-like substance of the cell that surrounds the cell membrane and fills the entire interior of the cell
Provides support for the cell's internal structure, allows the cell to maintain its shape, and aids in the transport of substances
The water in cytoplasm acts as a solvent, enabling chemical reactions to take place within it.
Karyotheca
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The nuclear envelope is the outer covering of the nucleus, which plays multiple important roles within the cell
This structure separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm, protecting and isolating the genetic material within the nucleus
The nuclear envelope protects genetic material from damage by preventing cytoplasm molecules from entering the nucleus directly
Some viruses can also use nuclear pores to enter the nucleus, causing infectious diseases
The nuclear membrane consists of two phospholipid bilayers, the inner and outer, which form a gap between them
Chromatin
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Chromatin is the intricate and dynamic structure found within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, primarily composed of DNA and associated proteins
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Disruption of gene expression due to chromatin damage can cause various diseases or developmental issues
If chromatin becomes damaged, it can compromise DNA repair mechanisms, leading to mutations or genomic instability
Proper chromatin maintenance is crucial for accurate transmission of genetic information and overall cellular health
Nucleolus
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The nucleolus is a small organ inside the nucleus, crucial in cell biology
Nucleoli are primarily located within the nucleus, and each nucleus usually contains one or more nucleoli
The granule region is rich in rRNA, an important component for the synthesis of cellular ribosomes
The fiber region contains precursors of rRNAs, which are further processed and modified
The nucleolus is also involved in cell cycle regulation, disassembling during cell division and reforming at other stages of the cell cycle
Endoplasmic reticulum
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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an essential organelle, takes part in several cellular activities
The SER lacks ribosomes and has a smooth appearance, involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification processes
The ER is composed of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
The RER has a rough appearance due to ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface, which carry out protein synthesis
The SER synthesizes lipids like phospholipids and steroids and detoxifies drugs and toxins by enzymatic reaction
Mitochondria
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Mitochondria contain unique DNA, and mitochondrial disorders can result from mutations in these genes
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Symptoms of mitochondrial disorders may include hearing loss, ataxia, skeletal muscular weakness, heart block, short stature, cognitive decline, and even lung cancer
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in food are converted into energy through aerobic digestion and metabolism in the body
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Ribosome
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Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, a critical process in all living organisms
Ribosomes convert genetic data from mRNA into proteins through initiation, elongation, and termination stages of translation
Mutations in ribosomal protein genes have been found in several types of cancers, suggesting a link between ribosome dysfunction and uncontrolled cell growth
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins, forming two subunits: a smaller subunit and a larger subunit
The small subunit reads the mRNA sequence, while the large subunit catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids
Golgi apparatus
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The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex or Golgi body, processes, modifies, and transports proteins and lipids within the cel
The cis face is the receiving end of the Golgi, while the trans face is the shipping end
The Golgi apparatus modifies proteins through glycosylation, phosphorylation, and sulfation
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Vesicles transport materials from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cis face of the Golgi for processing and modification
