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fluid mechanics - Coggle Diagram
fluid mechanics
projectile motion
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projectiles can be an athlete, such as a high jumper or equipment thrown
the horizontal distance of the flight path is affected by : speed of release, angle of release, height of release, aerodynamic factors
Speed of release
newtons second law - greater force applied, greater change in momentum, therefore greater acceleration.
olympic throwers will train to generate max power from their muscle mass in their arm, shoulder and chest
angle of release
based of projectile released at the same speed, at an angle of: 90degrees - accelerate up, 45 - optimal angle, greater 45 - reaches peak height too quickly, less 45 - projectile does not reach sufficient height
height of release -
45 degrees is the optimum as release height and landing height are equal. however if height of release is higher or lower than landing - optimal will change
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release height bellow - optimal angle more than 45 as needs to increase flight time. eg bunker in golf
projectiles in path
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if weight is the dominant force - parabolic flight path. eg shot put, high mass, low velocity, small frontal cross section, smooth surface = low air resistance
air resistance dominant force = non parabolic path - eg badminton shuttle, low mass, high velocity, uneven surface = high air resistance
free body diagrams
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eg badminton - air resistance begins bigger than the weight, AR decreases as velocity of shuttle has reduced = decceleration, AR force small as the velocity of the shuttle has slowed, weight stayed the same so will accelerate down
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spin and Magnus force
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topspin - eccentric force above COM, backspin - below COM, sidespin hook - right COM, sidespin Slice - left COM
Topspin creates a Magnus force down, shortens flight path. additional Magnus force created by pressure gradient
backspin creates Magnus force up, lengthens flight path
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lift and Bernoulli
creation of additional lift force on an object in flight resulting from his conclusion that the higher velocity, the lower surrounding pressure. the additional lift will increase the time in flight and distance covered which is good for javlin, shot put
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flat underneath - air flows shorter distance, lower velocity
all fluids move from high - low pressure, creating additional lift - ski jumper uses this by having aerofoil shape in the air, flat skis = flat underneath and curved upper.
magnitude and drag
athletes want to put all their energy into their performance so don't want to waste any. this can be done by altering position, equipment design, clothing
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Air resistance and drag act in opposite direction of motion, so must be minimised to perfect technique