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Topic 6 - Attitudes - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Two groups of boys were artificially created, as was the competition and did not necessarily reflect real life
    - - The experiment did not have a control group from which to draw comparative data
    - - The observers and experimenters had a big impact on the behaviour of the participants
    - - Participants did not know the true aim of the study, many events (failed water supply), there was also no debrief afterwards and they never realised they were being experimented on
    - - Parents were aware that the camp was some sort of psychology research and gave presumptive consent on their son's behalf, a lack of detail given to the parents invalidated the consent
    - - Participants were not protected
    - - Sample was not representative, only 12 year olds form white, middle class and were boys, excluding girls and adults
      - Observers were only with the children for 12 hours a day and could not see or overhear everything that went on
    - - The classic Robbers Cave study was the third replication of the test as the previous two studies did not produce results consistent with the outcomes
- - - - First impressions count and may build stereotypes
    - - Images and ideas represented within media often build or enhance stereotypes
    - - Observing others and mimicking those thoughts and behaviours
- - - - In group is a group to which an individual perceives membership to "us"
      - Out group is any group other than the groups to which individuals perceives themselves as belonging to "them"
  - - - Self image is our definition of ourselves and it becomes linked to group membership
      - Social identity is a person's sense of who they are based on their real or perceived group membership/s
  - - - Ingroup favouritism is when people favour those belonging to their ingroup
      - Outgroup negative bias is the ingroup seeking to find negative aspects about the outgroup, they derogate and discriminate against the outgroup members
- - - - The tendency to overestimate personal factors (dispositional attribution) and underestimate the impact of situational influences to account for the behaviour of others
  - - - The tendency to make situational attributions the major cause of our own negative behaviours and dispositional attributions to account for our positive behaviours
      - Taking personal credit for own success
      - Avoiding personal responsibility for failure and assigning external factors as causative agents
- - - - The tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve. The 'have' group tends to consider their power, status and money to be a result of their hard work and intelligence
    - - The mere grouping of people results in them and us mentality and this is enough to trigger in group favouritism and out group negative bias
    - - Prejudicial attitudes towards others can be learnt from important people in our lives
    - - Competition between groups for limited recourses can lead to prejudice
  - - - Intergroup contact
        
        Close, prolonged contact between people from groups that are prejudicial towards each other, through direct contact individuals reevaluate their stereotypes and identify the harm stereotypes can cause
      - Equality of status
        
        Involves social interactions that occur at the same level without differences in power or status between members of the two groups
      - Superordinate goal
        
        Shared goals which groups or individuals cannot achieve by one group alone, for superordinate goals to reduce prejudice it is important that the common goal is achieved
      - Mutual interdependence
        
        Members must depend on one another to meet each person's goals, when each group's needs are linked to those of others in the group cooperation is encouraged