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Biology, Photosynthesis, Cell, Membrane, Cellular Respiration, Carbon,…
Biology
Life
1. Organization
Molecules > Organelles > Cells > Tissues > Organs > Organisms > Populations > Communities > Ecosystems
Emergent Properties
Macromolecules
Enzymes
Dehydration
Water & life
4 emergent properties
2. Ability to moderate Temp
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3. Expansion upon freezing
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4. Versatility as a solvent
5 more items...
1. Cohesive Behavior
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Molecules
Molecular mass
Moles
Avogadro's Number
Molarity
pH
Acid
3 more items...
Base
3 more items...
covalent bonds
H2O out
Hydrolysis
Catalyst
less energy
Chemical reactions
Polymers
Monomers
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Amino acids
Carbonyl group
R-groups
4 levels of protein structure
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Denaturation
pH change
Temp Increase
breaking 3d structure
Lipid
Fats
Saturated
With Hydrogen
Unsaturated
Phospholipids
Amphipathic
Steroids
Hydrophobic
Nucleic Acid
2 families of nitrogenous bases
Pyrimidines
Purines
2 types of sugar
DNA
Thymine
RNA
Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine
Phosphate
Biological molecules
Structure/Function <3
Cells
Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells
2. Information
DNA
(Structured in)
Chromosomes
(Chromosomes contain)
Genes
Genomics
(genes)
Proteomics
(proteins)
Bioinformatics
(data hacking)
3. Energy & matter
Energy
flows
Energy
is passed around
Transfer of E
= losing heat
Matter
cycles
Energy
from the
sun
is captured by plants
In from the sun out as heat
Interactions
Feedback regulation
Positive
feedback
Negative
feedback
Ecosystem
5 themes of life
7 properties of life
Evolutionary adaptation
Regulation
Order
Reproduction
Response to the environment
Growth and devolpment
7.Energy proessing
5. Evolution
change overtime
Diversity of life
Three domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
protists
Fungi
plants
Animal
Unity of life
DNA
Cell structure
Natural Selection
Artificial selection
4 Kingdoms
Scientific Method
Observation
Inductive reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
5. Expirement
Control group
- Experiment group**
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Data analysis
Conclusion
Communicate
Darwin's two points
Data Types
Qualitative
Quantitative
Scientific Theory
Scientific Law
Photosynthesis
Autotrophs
Things that do this
Plants
Multicellular Algae
Unicellular Protists
Cyanobacteria
Purple sulfur Bacteria
Photoautotrophs
Hetrotrpohs
Decomposers
Light E --> Chem E
Photosynthesis in a Leaf
Chloroplast
Stroma
Thylakoid
Granum
Chlorophyll
Mesophyll
Stomata
Istopes
Light Reaction
Carbon fixation
Endergonic Rxn
ATP
NADPH
PSII
PSI
ETC
ATP Synthase
Light Enrgy
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Inputs
ADP
NADP+
Outputs
ATP
NADPH
Calvin Cycle
Carbon Fixation
Reduction
RuBP Regenration
Outputs
NADP+
ADP + P
Inputs
ATP
NADPH
Anabolic
G3P
Inputs
CO2
H2O
Outputs
O2
Glucose
Spectrophotometer
- Absorption Spectrum
- Action Spectrum
Chlorophyll
pigment
PS
PSII
PSI
Light
Photon
Wave
Chemiosmosis
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
C3
C4
Carboxylase
CAM Plants
Day time
Light Rxn
Calvin Cycle
Cell
Chloroplasts
Photosynthesis
Humans
Algae
Plants
Fungus
Lumen
Thylakoids
Stroma
Outer membrane
Granum
Plastids
Amyloplasts
Chromoplasts
Lysosomes
Hydrolysis
Metabolizes food
Food Vacoule
Vacoule
Storage
Largest
central vacuole
in animal
Contractile Vacoule
Phagocytosis
Enzymes
Eukaryotic cells
Nucleus
2 Nucleotides
Phospholipid Bilayer
Chromosomes
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Cytosol
(Free Ribosome)
Smooth ER
Bound Ribosome
Rough ER
Makes Protein
Nuclear Envolope
ER
Glycoproteins
Transport Vesicle
Smooth ER
Makes Lipid
Metabolizes Carbohydrates
Rough ER
Large
Internal Membrane
Mitochondria
Changing
Energy
Endosymbiont Theory
Peroxisomes
Inner memebrane
Outer membrane
Cristae
Matrix
Commonalities
Plasma Membrane
Cytosol
Chromosomes
Prokaryotic
Nucleoid
Animal cells
Nucleus
Plant Cells
Ribosome
Golgi Apparatus
Protein (made here)
Cis & Trans Face
Lumen
Vesicles
Intercellular Junctions
Plasmodesmata
Tight Junctions
Demosomes
Gap junctions
Microscopes
Parameter
Magnification
Resolution
Contrast
Light Microscope
Electron Microscope
TEM
SEM
Cytoskeleton
Microtubles
Motor proteins
Centrosome
Centrioles
Cilia
Flagella
Basal Body
Dynenis
Separate cell during cell division
Intermediate filaments
Cortex
Myosin
Pseudopodia
Psytoplasmic streaming
Microfilments
Prokaryotic cell
No nucleus
Small
Cell wall
Primary Cell wall
Middle Lamella
Cell fractionation
Extracellular Matrix
Membrane
Selectively permeable
Only (small & non-polar MO can pass)
Fluid Mosaic Model
Specific shape
Amphipathic
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
Lipid composition
Unsaturated Fats
Structure & Function
Membrane Proteins
Integral
Hydrophobic
Peripheral
Hydrophilic
6 functions
Transport
Enzyme activity
Signal transaction
Cell-cell recognition
Intercellular Jointing
Glycolipids
Glycoproteins
Cell-cell recognition
Semi-permeable membrane
Transport Protein
Channel proteins
Carrier proteins
Passive Transport
No Energy
Diffusion
High --> low Conc.
Facilitated Diffusion
Transport proteins
Channel proteins
Ion Channel
Gated channel
Osmosis
H2O movement
Tonicity
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Cell Swells
Hypertonic
Cell shrinks
Active Transport
Energy needed
ATP
Ion pumps
Electrochemical Gradient
Electrogenic Pumps
Proton pumps
Bulk Transport
Exocytosis
Bigger
Endocytosis
Smaller
Phagocytosis
Cell engulfs (eat)
Pincocytosis
Cellular drinking
Turgid
Flaccid
Plamolysis
Cellular Respiration
Energy
Catabolism
Exergonic
Fermentation
Anarobic
Substrate level Phosphorylation
ADP+p
ATP
Aerobic
Redox
Oxidation
Reduction
Aerobic
NADH
Steps
Glycolysis
Location
- Cytosol
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Krebs Cycle
Location
- inter membrane space
2.Pyruvate Oxidation
Location
- inter membrane space
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Substrate level
~10 % ATP
Oxidative
~90% ATP
ETC
H + protons
Chemiosmosis
ATP Synthase
Location
- Cristae Membrane
Active Transport
NADH
FADH2
Inputs
Glucose
O2
Outputs
H2O
Co2
Carbon
7 functional groups
1. Hydroxyl group
Carbonyl group
Carboxyl group
Amino group
Sulfhydryl group
Phosphate group
Methyl group
Acid
Isomers
Structural Isomers
Cis-trans Isomers
Enantiomers
Chemistry
Matter
Pure
Elements
Essential Elements (CHON)
Trace Elements (FIFe)
Atomic Number
Mass number
Atomic Mass
Isotopes
Mixture
Compounds
Atoms
Nuclues
Protons
Nuetrons
Electron
Electron shells
Potential Energy
Electron config
Energy
Chemical bonds
Covalent bond
Molecules
Polar
Non-polar
EN
Ionic bond
Ionic Compounds (Salts)
Ions
Cations
Anions
H-bonds
Chemical reactions
Reactants
Products
Covalent Bonds
Organic compounds
Hydrocarbons
Cell communication
cell signaling
Ligand
Quorum sensing
Proakryotes
Eukaryotes
Biofilm
signals
Yeast
Signal transaction pathway
receptor signal
Humans
Local signaling
Expcytosis
Growth factors
Long distance signaling
Hormones
Endocrine signaling
plant growth regulators
1. Reception
3 types of membrane receptors
G PCR
ATP --> cAMP
RTK
Ion channels
2. Transduction
Phosphorylation
Amplification
Coordination
Regulation
Things involved
GTP
GPCR
PLC
DAG
PIP 2
IP3
Ca ^2+ ions
ER
2nd messenger
cellular reponse
3. Reponse
Apoptosis
Blabbing
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Cell cycle
Puposes
Reproduction
Growth & devolopment
Tissue renewal
Mitosis
2 identical daughters
somatic cells
humans
5 stages of the (M) phase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase (& Cytokineses)
Interphase
G1
S
G2
Things involved
Spindle pole
- Daughter chromatid
Kinetochore
Motor protein
Centrosome
Centrioles
Cleverage furrow
Meiosis
Diversity
Gametes
Genome
Chromosomes
DNA
packed
Unpacked
Chromatin
Sister chromatids
Centromere
Eukaryotic cells division
Binary fission
no interphase
Prokaryotes
Growth factors
Density dependent inhibition
Anchorage dependant
Nutrition
Tumor
Bengin
Malignant
Metastasis
Cell control system
Cancer cells
Transformation
Gene expression
Genotype
Enzymes
Phenotype
Gene to Protien
- Translation
mRNA
tRNA
Anti-codons
Ribosomes
rRNA
Protiens
Mutations
Point
Silent
Missense
Nonsese
A P E
Building a polypeptide
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
- Transcription
RNA polymerase
Promoter & terminator
Transcription unit
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
Modifications
5' cap
Poly A tail
RNA splicing
Removing introns
Keeping extrons
- mRNA
Domains
DNA > RNA > Protien
Genetic code
Template starnd
Start codon
Stop codon
Triple code
Reading frame
Eukaryotic cell
nuclues
DNA
pre mRNA
mRNA
Prokaryotic cell
DNA
mRNA
no nucleus
DNA tools & Biotechnology
Recombinant DNA
Restriction enzymes
Sites
Fragments
DNA ligase
DNA technology
DNA cloning
Plasmids
PCR
3 step cycle
Taq polymerase
Primers
Biotechnology
Gene therapy
Transgenic animals
Gentic profile
Slective breeding
Trangenic organisms
Genetic Engineering
Eukaryotic genes
cloning
Bacterial plasmids
Animal cloning
Plant cloning
Eukaryotic genes
Bacterial host cell
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Electroporation
Stem cells
Embryonic cell
Adult stem cell
Pluripotent
Therapuetic cloning
Regenerative medicine
Regulation of gene expression
Transcription
Feedback inhibition
Operon model
- Operon
Inducible
Reprissible
Enzymes
Operator
Promoter
Regulatory gene
Repressor
Corepressor
Inducer
Initiation
Control elements
TATA box
Transcription factor
General
specific
Control elements
Proximal
Distal
cAMP
Activator
Eukaryotic
Differential
Chromatin modfication
Chromatin
Nucleosome
Histone acceleration
- Methylation
Genomic imprinting
Epigenetic inheritance
Phosphorylation
Histone code hypothesis
Non-coding RNA
- Micro RNAs
miRNA
RNAi
- Small RNA
siRNA
piRNA
Viruses
genome
strucutre
capsid
capsomeres
Viruses
Helical
Icosahedral
Viral envelopes
Phages
Relication
Host cell
Cycles
Viral infection
Epidemic
Pandemic
New viral genome copies
New viral proteins
Phages
Lytic cycle
Virulent phage
Restriction enzymes
Lysogenic cycle
Temperate phage
Prophage
Animal viruses
Nucleic acids
RNA virus replication
Membrane envelopes
Retroviruses
Plasmids
Transposon
Metabolism
Chem Reactions
Enzymes
Catalyst
Conc. on substrate
Conc. of enzyme
Temp.
pH
Cofactors
Coenzymes
Inhibitors
Slows down Reaction
Competitive
Non-competitive
Allosteric
- Stimulation
Active form
Inactive form
- Inhibition
Feed back Inhibition
Isoleucine
Lowers the Activation Energy
Template
2.Physical stress
Micro Environment
Direct Participation
Substrate
Active Site
Induced fit
Metabolic Pathways
Catabolic
Breaking
Anabolic
Building
Bio-energetic
Energy
Energy Kinetic
Structure
Energy Potential
Chem Energy
Thermodynamics
Isolated Vs. Open
Spontaneous
Non-spontaneous
Requires Energy
Entropy
Free Energy
Equilibrium
Chemical Rxns
Exergonic
Hydrolysis
Catabolic
Delta -G
Endergonic
Dehydration
Anabolic
Delta +G
Cellular Work
Chemical
Transport
Mechincal
Energy coupling
ATP > ADP
ATP
Hydrolysis
Phosphate group
Phosphorylation
Endergonic Reactions
Chromosomal basis of inheritance
Chromosome numbers
Meiosis
Meiosis & sexual life
Heredity
Genes
Gametes
egg
sperm
Somatic cells
Chromosmes
Evolution
Sex chromosomes
Autosomes
genes
Loci
Asexual reproduction
clonning
Variation
Karyotype
Homologous chromosome
Alleles
same geness
same loci
Life cycle
zygote
diploid
haploid
fertilization
gamete
Interphase
G1
S
G2
PMAT & PMAT
Prophase I & II
Metaphase I & II
- Independant assotment
Anaphase I & II
Telophase I & II (& cytokenesis)
Crossing over
Chromosome
Reprodcution
Non-disjunction
Aneuploidy
Monosomic
Trisomic
Polyploidy
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Drosophilia melangaster
2 types
Wild
Mutant
Sex linked genes
X
Inheritance
Y
sex determination
Color blindness
Sex chromosome
Hemizygous
Alleles
Recombinant chromosmes
Random fertilization
Natural selection
Recombination data
Genetics map
Recombination map
Linkage map
Map units
Cytogenetic maps
Ultimate maps
Genes
Heritable variation
Blending hypothesis
Mendel
Characters
Traits
True breeding
Hybridize
Generations
P
F1
F2
2 laws
2. Independent assortment
Mono hybrid cross
Dihybrid cross
1. law of segregation
Dominant
Recessive
Alleles
Punnett square
Genetics
Homozygous
Hetrerozygous
Genotype
Testcross
Phenotype
Pleiotropic
Epistasis
Inheritance
laws of probability
Multiplication rule
Addition rule
Types of blood
A
B
O
Polygenic inheritance
quantitative characters
Multifactorial characters
Traits
pedigree analysis
Carrier
Dominant
Achondroplasia
Huntington's disease
- Recessive
Albinism
Cystic fibrosis
sickle cell disease
Male
Female
Affected
Unaffected
Degrees of dominance
complete
incomplete
Codominance
Molecular basis of inheritance
DNA
Genetic Material
Expiremental evidence
Griffith
Transformation
Bacteriophasge
Heyshey & Chase
Nucleic acids
Chargaff
Purines
Adenine
Guanine
Pyrimdines
Cytosine
Thymine
Franklin
Crick
Watson
Double helix
Antiparalell
Photo 51
Temoreres
Telomerase
DNA replication models
coservative model
2. Semi-conservative
Meselson & Stahl
Dispersive model
Replication fork
Helicase
Primase
Primer
Topoisomerase
Leading strand
OKazaki strand
Ligase
Chromosome
Chromatin
Nucleoid
DNA
Ch.4
Ch.2
Ch.3
Ch.1
Ch.5
Ch.6
Ch.7
Ch.8
Ch.9
Ch.10
Ch.11
Ch.12
Ch.13
Ch.14
Ch.15
Ch.16
Ch.17
Ch.18
Ch.19
Ch.20