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Properties of life, ETC, cellular respiration, Viruses, Atoms, Bonds, Bio…

- - - - Ion channels
      - gated channels
- - - - Opposite gradient of CR
      - NADPH made from e-
    - - Creates Glucose
    - - Not Green light, this is why it is green
      - light turns to photons
    - - C3 not picky
      - c4 very picky
      - CAM stomada opens and closes due to day/night cycle
- - - - Host range is how far it can spread
      - Handshake Finds receptor and turns it on
- - - - Class 3 - Double stranded RNA
        
        Class 4 - mRNA
        
        Class 5 - Single stranded RNA
        
        Class 6 - single strand RNA that pairs with DNA
- - - - Polar
      - Cohesion
      - Desolve in water
      - Supports all life
  - - - hydroxyl
        
        Carbonyl
        
        Carboxyl
        
        Amino
        
        Sulfhydryl
        
        Phosphate
        
        3 more items...
        
        Base
        
        Acid
      - Methyl
        
        Nonpolar
      - Isomers
        
        Cis-Trans
      - Enantomers
- - - - Ribose
- - - - Cellulose
- - - - Complete Dominace
        
        One dominant trait takes over for all expression
        
        Cat fur
      - incomplete dominance
        
        Dominant trait only takes over partial expression
        
        Blood type
        
        Rh Factor
        
        +
        
        present
        
        -
        
        Not present
        
        A
        
        AB
        
        B
        
        O
      - Codominance
        
        Dominant trait works with another dominant trait making a mix of both
      - Hh
    - - hh
    - - HH
    - - One genotype multiple phenotypes
- - - - Enhancers + activations
    - - Inhibit transcription of genes, stick to control element sequence
        
        Indirect activation and repressor actions
        
        Acetylation
        
        Silencing
      - Encoded by a separate regulatory gene
- - - - Some have positive gene regulation
- - - - Morphogens
        
        encoded by maternal effect genes
        
        To determine body axes
- - - - Transcription
        
        RNA processing
        
        mRNA degradation
        
        Translation
        
        Protein processing and degradation
- - - - Some specific genes are
        turned on or off by activated transcription factors
      - Activates multiple copies of the next component
        
        protein in a signaling pathway amplifies the signal
        
        Scaffolding proteins increases the signaling efficiency
    - - Termination of signal
      - Specificity of response
      - Amplification of signal
  - - - A series of protein kinases add a phosphate group
        
        Protein phosphatases
        
        remove phosphate group
    - - cyclic AMP
        (cAMP)
      - Ca2+ ions
        
        diffuse through the cytosol, it
        helps to broadcast signals quicker
        
        G proteins activate
        adenylyl cyclase, make cAMP from ATP
- - - - Ligand binding activates the
        receptor, it activates a specific G protein
    - - in-response to binding of specific signal molecules
        
        open and close the gate, regulates flow of specific ions
    - - react to the binding of signaling mol-
        ecules by forming dimers
      - RTK Pathway
        
        Diacylglycerol /inositol trisphosphate
        
        triggers release of Ca2+ ions
    - - Cytoplasm/nucleus of target cells
- - - - direct contact junctions
        
        Cell junctions
        
        Cell to cell recognition
      - Paracrine/Synaptic signaling
        
        Exocytosis
- - - - Analysis of data
        
        Conclusion
        
        Communicate
        
        Can lead to a
        
        Theory
        
        Biosphere
        
        1 more item...
- - - - required input of energy, +deltaG
- - - - Offspring acquire genes from
        parents
        
        Heredity
        
        Transmission of traits from one generation to the next
        
        Inheritance of Genes
        
        Type of reproduction
        
        Asexual
        
        Cloning
        
        a single parent produces genetically
        identical offspring by mitosis
        
        Sexual
        
        Combining
        genes from two parents
        
        Having diversity in offspring
        
        Evolutionary Significance of Genetic
        Variation Within Populations
  - - - n=23
        
        transformed
  - - - Prophase I
        
        Metaphase I
        
        Anaphase I
        
        Telophase I
        
        Chromosome line up as homologous pairs
        
        Crossing Over and Synapsis
      - Diploid to Haploid
    - - Prophase II
        
        Metaphase II
        
        Anaphase II
        
        Telophase II
      - Separation of sister chromatids
- - - - being diploid
        
        46 chromosomes made up of 2 sets of 23 chromosomes
  - - - 2n=46
      - Develops into a
        multicellular organism with Mitosis
      - diploid
- - - - Carry genes that controlling the same inherited characters
- - - - Cells are too small to be seen by naked eyes
        
        Study of Cell
        
        Light Microscope (LM)
        
        Technique
        
        Cell fractionation to separate cell components based on size and density
        
        Electron Microscope (EM)
        
        Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
    - - Plasma membrane (selective barrier)
        
        RNA
      - Cytosol(the region between nucleus and plasma membrane)
      - Chromosome (In nucleus, composed of DNA)
      - Ribosome
        
        complex made of ribosomal RNAs and protein
        
        Carried out by protein synthesis
    - - Eukaryote cells
        
        Have internal membrane-bound compartments(organelle) that compartmentalize the functions
        
        Phospholipid bilayer
        
        allows cell to be selectivly permeable
        
        Genetic control
        
        Genetic info stored in Nucleus and carried out by Ribosome
        
        Endomembrane system
        
        Rough endoplasmic reticulum (Membrane Factory)
        
        Have glycoproteins in transport vesicles
        
        Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
        
        Synthesizes lipid
        
        Metabolize Carbohydrates
        
        Detoxifies drugs and poison
        
        Store calcium ions
        
        The system regulates protein traffic and metabolic functions
        
        Gologi Apparatus
        
        Process protein and lipids for transportation
        
        Lysosomes
        
        As a digestive compartment
        
        Vacoule
        
        As a storage system for substances, also assist to maintain cell in shape
        
        Mitochondrion
        
        For cellular respiration
        
        Use O2 to drive and generates ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats and other fuels
        
        Chemical energy conversion
        
        Chloroplasts
        
        site for photosythesis
        
        capture of light energy
- - - - Unsaturated hydrocarbon tail of Phospholipid keep membrane fluid at low temp.
      - Membrane protein
        
        Enzyme Activity
        
        Signal transduction
        
        Cell to cell recognition
        
        Glycolipids
        
        Glycoproteins
        
        Linked to the external side of plasma membrane
        
        intercellular joining
        
        attached to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
        
        Evolution on membrane lipids
        
        Organisms adapts to environment by changing composition of lipids
        
        Cold environment
        
        More unsaturated fatty acid/less cholesterol
        
        Warm/Hot environment
        
        More saturated fatty acid/more cholesterol
        
        Type
        
        Integral protein
        
        Peripheral protein
        
        Being sythesized
        
        Being Modified
        
        Endocytosis
        
        Phagocytosis
        
        cellular eating
        
        "eat" food and other particle
        
        Pinocytosis
        
        cellular drinking
        
        "drink" solutes
        
        Receptor-mediated endocytosis
        
        coated vesicle with specific solutes
      - Cell diffusion
        
        Passive transport
        
        required no energy to diffuse substance across the membrane
        
        Osmosis
        
        Hypotonic
        
        Hypertonic
        
        Isotonic
        
        Active transport
        
        required ATP to move solute against their gradient
- - - - First law
        
        Energy cannot be created/destroyed, only for transfer
      - Second Law
        
        Spontaneous process, required no outside input of energy
        
        increase entropy
        
        free energy decreases, stability of the system increases
        
        At maximum stability, system at equilibrium = can do no work
  - - - Cellular respiration, break down glucose/organic fuels
        
        Bioenergetics
        
        All create useful form of energy and lost heat
        
        Form of energy
        
        Kinetic Energy
        
        Thermal energy
        
        1 more item...
        
        Potential Energy
        
        Chemical energy
    - - Consume ATP to build complicated molecules
  - - - Activation energy
        
        Energy necessary to break bonds of reactant
- - - - In Animal cells (Eukaryotic cell division)
        
        Have G1 , S, and G2 in interphase
        
        G2 of Interphase
        
        Prophase
        
        Prometaphase
        
        Metaphase
        
        2 more items...
        
        cell grows through interphase
        
        Have 1 set of chromosomes and 2 sets of somatic cells
        
        Regulated by a molecular
        control system
        
        Cell cycle control system
        
        Cyclic changes in regulatory
        proteins
        
        Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases
        (Cdks)
        
        Work as a cell cycle clock
        
        The cycle stops at specific checkpoints
        
        Exhibit density-dependent inhibition and anchorage dependence
      - In Plant cells
        
        Prophase
        
        Prometaphase
        
        Metaphase
        
        Anaphase
        
        Telophase
        
        1 more item...
    - - Evolved from simpler prokaryotic mechanisms of cell reproduction
  - - - Chromosome
        
        Chromatin
  - - - Forms tumor
        
        Malignant tumors
        
        invade nearby
        tissues
        
        Undergo metastasis
        
        exporting cancer cells to
        other sites
        
        Form secondary tumors
        
        Benign tumors
    - - Surgery
      - Radiation therapy
      - Chemotherapy
      - DNA sequencing/ personalized medicine
- - - - From experiment with bacteria + Phages
  - - - Anti-Parallel
      - Has backbone
  - - - DNA is semiconservative
      - In Replication fork
        
        Helicase
        
        Primase
        
        DNA Pol I
        
        replaces the RNA
        primer with DNA nucleotides
        
        synthesizes a short RNA primer at 5' end of the leading strand/at 5' end of each Okazaki fragment
        
        Unwinds parental double helix
        
        DNA Pol III
        
        it synthesizes
        leading strand continuously
        
        Origin of replication
        
        Many proteins work together
        
        Single strand binding protein
        
        binds to and stabilize single-stranded DNA till it is used as template
        
        Tapoisomerase
        
        Relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication forks by breaking,swireling and rejoining DNA strands
        
        DNA Molecules packed together with proteins
        
        Chromatin
        
        Making up of eukaryotic chromosomes composed of DNA, histones and other protein
        
        histones
        
        1 more item...
        
        Chromosome occupy restricted areas in the interphase nucleus
        
        made up of loosely arranged euchromatin or more densely arranged heterochromatin
        
        Telomeres replicates at the end of DNA molecules
- - - - information encode in the genes used to make RNA molecules or specific polypeptide chains like enzyme and proteins
      - Transcription
        
        Synthesis of RNA complementary to a
        template strand of DNA
        
        DNA-directed synthesis of RNA
        
        Catalyzed by RNA polymerase
        
        RNA Polymerase
        
        Transcription factor
        
        Eukaryotic RNA polymerase to
        recognize promoter sequences
        
        2 more items...
        
        Promoter
        
        Transcription Unit
        
        TATA box in Eukaryotes
        
        Stages of Transcription
        
        Initiation
        
        Elongation
        
        Termination
        
        Eukaryotic cells
        
        2 more items...
      - Translation
        
        In messenger RNA (mRNA)
        
        Synthesis of polypeptide whose amino acid sequence specified by the nucleotide sequence
        
        RNA-directed synthesis
        of a polypeptide
        
        Transfer RNA(tRNA)
        
        translates an mRNA message into protein
        
        Bound to a specific amino acid
        by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
        
        lines up through its anti-codon at the complementary codon on mRNA
        
        Ribosome
        
        Made up of ribosomal RNAs(rRNAs) and proteins
        
        Helps to coordinate stages of Translation
      - Genetic information
        
        Encoded as a sequence of nonoverlapping nucleotide triplets, or codons
        
        Codon in mRNA
        
        Translated into an amino acid
        
        Must read in correct reading frame
        
        Start Codon (Met(M) or start): AUG
        
        End Codon: UAA/UAG/UGA
        
        Serves as stop signal
        
        Genetic code
        
        DNA template strand
        
        Transcription
        
        mRNA
        
        Protein
        
        1 more item...
      - Not all proteins are enzyme
      - Not all enzyme are protein
      - Not all genes make proteins