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homework GTLVH - Coggle Diagram
homework GTLVH
GLOBAL NUMBER USAGE
Characteristics
Thousands separators
In EU, a comma (,) - separate thousands
In the US, a comma (,) - separate thousands, but not always (example: 8,643)a
Billion and trillion differences
In the US, Russia, Turkey, Italy, France, Brazil and Greece - a billion has 9 zeros 1,000,000,000
In Ger, Austia, Netherlands, Hungary, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Spain, Portugal, Serbia, Croatia, and some South American countries - a billing has 12 zeros 1,000,000,000,000 = the US trillion
Decimal point variations
In EU, a comma (,) used to separate the fractional part of a number
In the US, a decimal point (.) used to separate the fractional part of a number
Definition
Way numbers are written and interpreted differently across the world
VOCAB EQUIVALENCE
Characteristics
Dependency in context
Approximate nature
Example
The Portuguese question: "Qual é a distancia a New York?"
The English version: "How far is it to New York?"
the Portuguese are actually asking for the location in space of New York as opposed to the far or near dichotomy of the English language
Cultural nuances
Language is influenced by various aspects of a culture, so exact translations for all words in one language to a second language are not possible.
Definition
Finding a word in the target language that has the same meaning in the source language.
FORM OF VERBAL INTERACTION
Definition
Verbal interaction is defined as using spoken and written words to convey information and the message to the other person.
Characteristics
Repartee conversation
a conversation in which the parties frequently take turns speaking,
usually after the first few sentences
example
Repartee is a favorite form of interaction for people of the United
States; they become very irritated when someone speaks for too long. In contrast, Africans and Arabs tend to speak for extended periods
Ritual conversation
culturally based and involves standard replies and comments for a given situation
example
Latin Americans, discuss health and other personal information for extended periods during ritual conversation. However, Arabs in ritual conversation invoke Allah’s
goodwill; and they avoid discussions of personal situations.
Self-disclosure
another form of interaction that involves telling other people about
yourself so they may get to know you better
example
Doing business with U.S. persons can be very disconcerting because U.S. Americans are not viewed as committed to making friendships.
Verbal dueling
like gamesmanship; the object is to see who can gain dominance in a friendly debate rather than who can impart needed information
example
In the business environment, verbal dueling may occur when a group is trying to decide on a new ad campaign and members of the group are polarized as to which campaign is best
PARABLES AND PROVERBS
Parables
Definition
A story with a moral or spiritual lesson, often involving human characters or relatable situations.
Characteristics
Moral or spiritual lesson
example
The Parable of the Prodigal Son (teaches forgiveness and redemption).
The Parable of the Mustard Seed (symbolizes the growth of faith).
The Parable of the Good Samaritan (a brief story with a clear message).
Symbolism or metaphor
Short, simple story
Proverbs
Definition
A short, common saying or phrase expressing
practical wisdom or a universal truth.
Characteristics
Concise and direct
Traditional wisdom
example
A stitch in time saves nine" (advises fixing problems early to avoid more trouble)
The early bird catches the worm" (uses metaphor to encourage early action)
Actions speak louder than words
Figurative language
LINEAR VS. NON-LINEAR LANGUAGE
Linear language
Characteristics
One idea leads to the next (cause and effect).
Easier for storytelling, instructions, or processes.
Follows logical, chronological progression.
Common in written language
Definitions
Language that doesn't follow a sequential order and allows for flexibility.
Example: Ex: A cooking recipe for making a sandwich.
Step 1: Take two slices of bread.
Step 2: Spread butter on one side of each slice.
Step 3: Place a slice of cheese on one slice of bread.
Step 4: Add lettuce and tomato.
Step 5: Close the sandwich with the second slice of bread.
Step 6: Cut the sandwich in half and serve.
Non-linear language
Characteristics
Focus on connections rather than sequence.
Used often in oral traditions, poetry, and digital communication.
Ideas may overlap or be presented simultaneously.
Visual and spatial representation often necessary (e.g., maps, charts).
Example: A brainstorming session for a new marketing campaign at a creative agency.
Instead of following a structured, linear agenda, the team is encouraged to explore ideas freely, with no strict sequence or hierarchy.
Definitions
Language that doesn't follow a sequential order and allows for flexibility.
CULTURAL TABOOS
Definiton: Rules against doing or saying something in a particular culture
Kind of taboos
Religious taboos
Ex: Dietary Restrictions: Pork (Islam), Beef (Hinduism), Alcohol (Islam)
Ex: Body-related Taboo: Removing shoes before entering a sacred place (Hindu temples, Buddhist shrines).
Regional Taboos
Ex: Thumbs-up considered offensive in some Middle Eastern countries, Pointing with a finger considered rude in some Asian cultures
Food-related taboos
Ex: Eating certain animals: cats, dogs and horse meat (many Western cultures)
Ex: Dietary Restrictions: Pork (Islam), Beef (Hinduism), Alcohol (Islam)
Language taboos
Ex: Use of offensive language or curse words (strong taboo in conservative cultures).
Social Taboos
Ex: Bahavioral - Interrupting elders or authority figures (African cultures)
Ex: Dress code - Women wearing revealing clothing (Middle East)
INFORMAL LANGUAGE
Definition
Is a casual style of communication that is often used in everyday stituation such as coversation with friends or family.
Characteristics
Jargon
technical terminology used within specialized groups, such as engineers, teenagers, and doctors
Ex: “on the ball” (on top of things), “oiled” (become suddenly wealthy), and
“byte” (a string of binary digits)
Cant
a vocabulary used by nonprofessional, noncriminal groups
Ex: Truck drivers used term “smoky” -> the highway patrol. Circus workers use the term
“dip” to mean a pickpocket
Euphemisms
inoffensive expressions that are used in place of offensive
words or words with negative connotations
Ex: “to pass or pass away” (to die), “senior citizens” (old people),
“customer service department” (complaint department), and “human relations” (personnel)
Argot
the vocabulary of the undesirable cocultures, such as drug dealers, gangs, prostitutes, or murderers
Ex: “doing a stretch”
(serving a prison sentence) and “lifeboat” (a pardon
Acronyms
words formed from the initial letters or groups of letters of
words in a phrase and pronounced as one word
Ex RAM (random access memory), BASIC (beginner’s all-purpose symbolic instruction code), Fortran (formula translation),and OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
Ebonics
Some African Americans use a nonstandard form of American English
“bad” is used to mean the best
Colloquialisms
informal words or phrases often associated with certain regions of the country
Ex: “y’all” (you all), “pop” (soda), and “ain’t” (is/are not)
Slang
used idioms and other informal language
Ex: “Bottom line” and “back to square one” - business slang