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Urban embiroments 3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - recycable packaging
      - trading locally
      - reduce amount of packaging
      - use of renewable energy
  - - - infrastructure focuses on future growth
      - USe of renewable energy
      - Lots of green spaces, with vertical gardens seen throughout the city
      - carefull management of resources
- - - - Choice of management option will depend on local stakeholders
        
        National governments either support or oppose the choice
        
        3.International stakeholders may become involved once the decision has been made
        
        4.Charities/NGOs will most likely help when management involves self-help or re-development
    - - local level
        
        City councils will have the most influence on choice and resource management
        
        nearby residents are happy of slums being removed
        
        Utility suppliers have to decide if services can be provided and at what cost
        
        Residents of squatter settlements will support any project that will improve their living conditions
        
        e mployers might not be happy to move the suqtter settlements as it means that some of them cann losse jobs
        
        Urban planner's vision will impact the squatter settlements
        
        Landowners want to remove it to redeveop their land
      - National level
        
        charities inside the country might hel with the project
        
        Governments consider the cost of the mantainence
      - international level
        
        The ONGs might decide to finance the project
        
        ONGs will increase the rate in which the project is compleated
        
        Big ONGs will help to imrpove the proejct
      - management of slums can be broken down into 4 methods
        
        Clear the area away but relocate people
        
        redevelop
        
        Clear the area away
        
        Improve using self-help or site-and-service schemes
- - - - Push factors of cities
        
        Various forms of environmental pollution
        
        lack of land to build new houses, retails or industries
        
        Housing can be old and houses can be small
        
        Expensive to build on brown-field areas( areas that have been allready used)
        
        traffic congestion is very common
        
        A push factor is something that makes peoplewant to leave a place
      - Pull factors of urban fringe
        
        More spacious houses and factories
        
        Close to main roads which allows for easy transportation
        
        Land is cheaper
        
        flexible working allows for people to work from home
        
        A pull factor is something that atracts people to a certain place
  - - - Easy access for workers and nicer working environment, attracting more people
    - - Good networks to universities and other investigation places, and purpose-built areas to encourage research and development
    - - space for expansion, purpose-built road networks, cheaper land, sited away from housing
    - - Low cost of land to build a big airport and good transportation system and roads
    - - Spacious retail areas with large parking and more space in general due to being in an urban-fringe
    - - Makes it easier for residents, lorries or workers to get to the city
- - - - Building on a part of land which hasn't been used
      - Most commonly seen in the Urba-fringe
      - advantages and disadvantages
        
        Advantages
        
        layout is not restrcted
        
        relatively cheap
        
        Closer to the countryside
        
        Easier to build infrastructure
        
        Healthier enviroment
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Wildlife and habitats destroyed or damaged
        
        Scenery can be ruined and recreation space damaged
        
        encourages further suburban sprawl
        
        Lack of access to public transport
        
        valuable farm land lost
        
        pollution produced damaging the country side
        
        cost of installing services
    - - Building on a repurposed area( somewhere where the land was already used
      - Most commonly seen inside a city or town
      - Advantages and disadvantages
        
        advantages
        
        services allready in place
        
        located near main areas
        
        reduce the loss of countryside
        
        Reduces the risk of squatter settlements
        
        Helps revive old urban areas
        
        disadvatages
        
        Surrounded by ugly parts of the city, for example run down areas
        
        Higher levels of pollution
        
        More expensive