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Acid-Base Balance - Coggle Diagram
Acid-Base Balance
Alterations in Normal Function
Respiratory Alkalosis
Excess CO₂ exhalation → pH increases
Etiology: Hyperventilation due to anxiety, pain
Clinical Manifestations: Dizziness, numbness
Risk Factors: Anxiety, fever, lung disease
Compensation: Renal → Decreased bicarbonate
Nursing Considerations: Calm environment, rebreathing CO₂
Metabolic Alkalosis
Excess bicarbonate or acid loss → pH increases
Etiology: Vomiting, diuretics
Clinical Manifestations: Muscle cramps, weakness
Risk Factors: Prolonged vomiting, excessive antacid use
Compensation: Respiratory → Hypoventilation
Nursing Considerations: Potassium replacement, IV fluids
Metabolic Acidosis
Excess acid or decreased bicarbonate → pH decreases
Etiology: Renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Clinical Manifestations: Kussmaul breathing, fatigue
Risk Factors: Kidney disease, uncontrolled diabetes
Compensation: Respiratory → Hyperventilation
Nursing Considerations: IV fluids, sodium bicarbonate, monitor electrolytes
Respiratory Acidosis
CO₂ buildup → pH decreases
Etiology: COPD, pneumonia, drug overdose
Clinical Manifestations: Headache, confusion, lethargy
Risk Factors: Chronic lung disease, sedatives
Compensation: Renal → Increased bicarbonate
Nursing Considerations: Bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen therapy
Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests
Critical for identifying acidosis or alkalosis and compensatory mechanisms
Determines pH, PaCO₂, bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) levels
Normal Biophysical Processes
Oxygenation
Maintains balance between acids and bases in the blood
Essential for normal cell function
Pharmacologic Therapies
Bronchodilators, Steroids → Respiratory Acidosis
Sodium Bicarbonate → Metabolic Acidosis
Anti-anxiety Medications → Respiratory Alkalosis
Potassium Replacement → Metabolic Alkalosis
Health Promotion & Life Span Considerations
Elderly: Monitor for chronic lung conditions, hydration in metabolic imbalances
Diabetics: Educate on glucose control for preventing Metabolic Acidosis
Stress Management: Prevent Respiratory Alkalosis from anxiety-induced hyperventilation
Patient Education: Diuretic use and managing antacid overuse to prevent Metabolic Alkalosis
Nursing Assessment & Interventions
Assess Respiratory Patterns → Monitor CO₂ levels, breathing techniques
Monitor Electrolytes → Prevent complications of imbalances in metabolic conditions
Positioning & Breathing Exercises → Improve ventilation in Respiratory Acidosis
Fluids and Electrolyte Management → Hydrate and balance in metabolic imbalances