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Connective Tissue, Joints - Coggle Diagram

- - - - region of laxity (looseness) (toe region)
      - what region is this relative to collagen
        
        where wavy collagen fibers straighten out
      - at the BLANK of loading
        
        start of loading
    - - region of resistance
      - what happens when load is removed
        
        Material/tissue returns to original length and shape
      - Examples (2)
        
        sping; some body structures under phyiolog loads
    - - region of microfailure
      - what happens when load is removed
        
        Material/tissue does not return to original length
  - - - measure of the effect of stress
  - - - stress/strain is perpendicular to cross-sectional plane of structure
    - - stress/strain is parallel to cross- sectional plane of structure
  - - - nonlinear
        
        Deformation demonstrates any deviation from
        linearity
      - linear
        
        Deformation directly proportional to applied load
    - - stiffness
      - what region is the slope taken in
        
        elastic
      - how to calculate slope
        
        strain/stress in elastic region
  - - - Cracking an egg
      - ACL rupture
  - - - Considered...
        
        viscoelastic. what does this mean
        
        Deforms easily under low load Then responds stiffly
    - - 3 factors
        
        .
        
        Tendon is capable of handling high loads
        
        End of elastic limit is also ultimate strength of tendon
        
        Not really a plastic phase
    - - what 2 things occur when there's stress
        
        Responds stiffly initially
        
        Then undergoes minimal deformation
        before failure
      - what type tissue is it considered
        
        specialized CT
        
        what is the special tissue called
        
        osseous tissue
      - Components
        
        Biochemistry Percentages (3 substances)
        
        Organic substances - 30%
        
        what is it organic structure mostly made of (2)
        
        what type is it mostly
        
        Type I
        
        Type I and V collagen (90%)
        
        what does collagen fibers provide for bone
        
        1 more item...
        
        Bone cells (4 types)
        
        Osteoprogenitor
        
        location (2)
        
        2 more items...
        
        what do they do in immature bone
        
        1 more item...
        
        what do they do in mature bone
        
        2 more items...
        
        Osteoblasts,
        
        what do osteoblasts produce
        
        1 more item...
        
        known as
        
        1 more item...
        
        function (2)
        
        2 more items...
        
        Osteocytes
        
        how do they form
        
        1 more item...
        
        function
        
        1 more item...
        
        location
        
        what are they considered
        
        1 more item...
        
        osteoclasts
        
        description
        
        1 more item...
        
        function
        
        1 more item...
        
        Includes small quantities of what 2 things
        
        reticular fibers
        
        Amphorous substances such as hyaluronic
        acid and chondroitin sulfate
        
        Inorganic (mineral) substances – 60%
        
        7 types
        
        Ca, P, Mg, Na, Hydroxyl, Carbonate, Fluoride
        
        what inorganic substances cause bone to be hardened
        
        calcium salt deposits
        
        Water – 10%
        
        All of these substance make up the...
        
        bone matrix
        
        2 regions of skeleton
        
        axial
        
        definition
        
        bones in the center of the body
        
        examples (6)
        
        cranium, hyoid, sternum, ribs, sacrum, coccyx
        
        appendicular
        
        definition
        
        bones that attach to the axial skeleton
        
        examples (3)
        
        scapula, clavicle, ilium
        
        Structural Classification
        
        4 types of bones
        
        long or tubular
        
        Examples (3)
        
        humerus, femur, tibia
        
        6 areas
        
        .
        
        6 more items...
        
        Blood Supply
        
        3 distant regions
        
        3 more items...
        
        short or cuboidal
        
        examples (2)
        
        carpals, tarsals
        
        flat
        
        examples (3)
        
        Cranium, Scapula, ribs
        
        irregular
        
        examples (3)
        
        Vertebrae, sphenoid, ethmoid
        
        2 general structures of bone
        
        medullary cavity
        
        Where does it start and end
        
        runs thru diaphsis; ends at epiphyseal plates
        
        2 components
        
        Lined with compact bone
        
        Filled with bone marrow
        
        Marrow
        
        color
        
        red
        
        components (2)
        
        RBCs in various stages of development
        
        Reticular cells and fibers
        
        1 more item...
        
        Location
        
        Proximal and distal diaphysis of long bone
        
        Amount of red marrow once we mature
        
        decreases
        
        Microstructure
        
        mature bone is made up of... (2)
        
        Haversian systems
        
        how long are they
        
        1 more item...
        
        shape
        
        1 more item...
        
        also called
        
        1 more item...
        
        Volkman's canals
        
        definition
        
        1 more item...
        
        function
        
        1 more item...
        
        2 general components of bone
        
        dense cortical (compact) bone
        
        function
        
        Forms the outer shell of all bones
        
        also known as the
        
        cortex
        
        Porous cancellous or trabecular (spongy) bone
        
        where is it found
        
        T/O inside of bone
        
        2 characteristics
        
        surrounded by compact bone
        
        composed of network of trabeculae
        
        what is trabeculae
        
        1 more item...
        
        Large spaces in this network store what 3 things
        
        water, fat, marrow
        
        does cortical or cancellous bone have more energy storage
        
        cancellous (elastic)
      - Can be considered what 2 things
        
        Structures
        
        3 functions
        
        .
        
        Provide the rigid framework to withstand mechanical loads
        
        Serve as levers for locomotor function
        
        Protect vulnerable internal organs
        
        Organs
        
        4 functions
        
        .
        
        Contain hemopoietic tissue
        
        what is this
        
        1 more item...
        
        • Storage site for Ca, P, Mg, Na
        
        • Help maintain mineral homeostasis
        
        • Help maintain blood
      - Bone Remodeling
        
        how is this accomplished
        
        simultaneous osteoblastic & osteoclastic activity (creates bone balance)
        
        when does osteoblastic activity occur
        
        in areas of stress
        
        when does osteoclastic activity occur
        
        sites w little stress
        
        Osteopenia & Osteoporosis
        
        what is osteopenia
        
        disuse of bone that results in bone loss
        
        what is osteoporosis
        
        bone disease that causes bones to become weaker and more likely to break
        
        Piezoelectric Effect
        
        defintion
        
        Refers to the property of bone tissue to generate electric charges
        in response to mechanical stress
        
        where does it properties mainly arise
        
        collagen matrix
        
        it exhibits what kind of properties
        
        polar properties
        
        2 types
        
        direct piezoelectric effect
        
        when does this occur
        
        when an electric charge is generated in response to an applied mechanical force
        
        Inverse Piezoelectric effect
        
        when does this occur
        
        an electric field is applied to bone, causing a mechanical strain or change in shape
        
        what does this cause
        
        mechanotransduction
        
        defintion
        
        mechanical signals are converted into biochemical signals that guide cellular behavior
        
        how is osteogenesis stimulated in this way clinically
        
        EStim
        
        what type is this
        
        Inverse Piezoelectric effect
        
        what is osteogenesis
        
        bone formation
        
        for a typical 35 y/o adult, what 3 things decreases every 10 years
        
        Stress/strain tolerance, fx toughness, bending strength
        
        by what %
        
        decreases 2-3%
        
        what 3 types of exercises promotes bone remodeling
        
        minimal essential strain (weight bearing)
        
        resistance exercises
        
        aerobic exercises
        
        what is the female athletic triad
        
        Disordered eating, amenorrhea and
        osteoporosis
- - - - tightly adherent to eachother
  - - - percentages
        
        CT represents how much in total body weight
        
        15-20%
        
        CT represents how much in total H2O content
        
        20-25%
      - are they vascularized?
        
        yes
    - - consists of what kind of cells
        
        dispersed cells that typically lack intercellular contact
        
        5 types of cellular components
        
        Permanent cells (5 types)
        
        Fibroblasts, Myofibroblasts, Macrophages, Mast cells, Adipose cells
        
        what do fibroblast produce (2)
        
        elastin & reticular fibers
        
        description
        
        cells that cannot divide or regenerate once mature
        
        Transient cells (6)
        
        description
        
        migrate to a specific area in response to a stimulus, like inflammation, and are typically short-lived
        
        Lymphocytes, Plasma cells, Basophils, Neutrophils, Eosinophils,
        and Monocytes
        
        Extracellular matrix
        
        description
        
        space that has the CT characteristics
        
        2 components that are the building blocks of the musculoskeletal system
        
        Ground substance
        
        Made of what 3 products
        
        Mainly H2O
        
        Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
        
        3 more items...
        
        Proteoglycans (PG)
        
        Location
        
        space between connective tissue cells (cellular) and the fibers (extracellular)
        
        Consistency
        
        viscous, clear, gel-like substance
        
        1 more item...
        
        Function (2)
        
        Permits diffusion of O2, nutrients, cellular waste products
        
        Helps to maintain the interfiber distance within connective tissues
        
        Fibers (3 types)
        
        .
        
        Elastin fibers
        
        6 more items...
        
        Reticular Fibers
        
        5 more items...
        
        Collagen fibers
        
        1 more item...
        
        who has the least tensile strength
        
        1 more item...
    - - .
        
        Connect epithelium to the rest of the body (basal lamina)
        
        • Connect and protect (tendon & ligament)
        
        • Provide structure and protect (bone)
        
        • Store energy (fat)
        
        • Transport materials (blood)
        
        • Repair following injury (scar tissue)
    - - Supportive CT
        
        offers...
        
        strength to structures
        
        much is found in what 2 areas
        
        bone, cartilage
      - CT Proper
        
        2 main functions
        
        connect & protect
        
        2 Divisions
        
        Loose
        
        found mostly in 3 areas
        
        muscle sheaths, epithelial tissue, fascia
        
        Dense
        
        2 types
        
        regular
        
        found in what 2 areas
        
        1 more item...
        
        irregular
        
        found in what 3 areas
        
        1 more item...
      - Fluid CT
        
        what does this provide
        
        transportation medium
    - - Bone Remodeling occurs in response to regular mechanical stress (or lack there of)
    - - Tendon, ligament, cartilage, etc Remodeling occurs in response to regular mechanical stress (or lack there of)
  - - - most sensitive tissue in human body
  - - - most abundant and one of the most sensitive and responsive tissue in human body
        
        which tissue is more sensitive
        
        nerve
    - - % of total body weight
        
        40-45%
      - what does m. do
        
        Transforms chemical energy into mechanical energy
        
        what does mechanical energy result in (2)
        
        The generation of internal forces & The resistance and absorption of external forces
        
        how does it do that
        
        use ATP to produce force
      - what regulates the neural control of the muscles
        
        somatosensory system
        
        what is the 3 step pathway of info
        
        from receptor, then thru series of neurons, then to brain
        
        4 different forms of sensory info
        
        touch
        
        2 types
        
        superficial pressure and superficial vibration
        
        pain
        
        temperature
        
        proprioception
        
        provides info about what 4 things
        
        4 more items...
        
        what does the "somato" part describe
        
        describing how the motor neurons supply the mm.
        
        where are the motor cell bodies located
        
        in ventral horn of spinal cord
        
        what happens at the motot axon terminsals
        
        Ach is released to cause excitation of mm.
        
        somatic nervous system
        
        definition
        
        considered to be under voluntary control but much activity is subconsciously controlled
        
        how can motor neurons be destroyed
        
        by diesase
        
        what are 2 of them
        
        2 more items...
    - - M. performance dictated by 4 properties
        
        Irritability/Excitability
        
        definition
        
        Ability to respond to stimulation
        
        what is the stimulus (2)
        
        electrical
        
        what important thing does this include
        
        1 more item...
        
        chemical
        
        • Contractability
        
        definition
        
        Ability to shorten which Occurs when muscle tissue receives sufficient stimulation
        
        % that the mm. can shorten
        
        1 more item...
        
        • Extensibility
        
        definition
        
        Ability to stretch or lengthen
        
        what is needed and why
        
        another m. or force is needed since m. itself cannot elongate
        
        what is this determined by
        
        CT tissue found in 4 areas (explains what they cover right after)
        
        4 more items...
        
        • Elasticity
        
        definition
        
        Ability to return to resting length after stretching or lengthening
        
        aka
        
        stretch-shortening cycle
        
        definition
        
        1 more item...
        
        determined by...
        
        CT in m.
    - - Production of movement
        
        how is motion created
        
        generation of m. tension
        
        what happens after this
        
        tension or force is transferred to bone
        
        • Maintain postures and positions
        
        2 main function goals
        
        maintain head position
        
        balance body weight over feet
        
        2 characteristics
        
        This mm. activity is often continuous & Results in small adjustments
        
        • Stabilize joints
      - other important functions (4)
        
        Support and protect visceral organs
        
        • Alter and control pressure within cavities
        
        • Maintenance of body temperature
        
        • Control entrances and exits to body through voluntary control
        
        3 examples
        
        swalling, urinating, defecation
    - - 7 components
        
        Fascicle
        
        what do they do
        
        they contain bindles of muscle fibers within the perimysium
        
        • Muscle Fiber
        
        3 Basic Types
        
        Type I
        
        described as what 2 things
        
        2 more items...
        
        axon diameter are usually small or large
        
        1 more item...
        
        Type IIa
        
        described as
        
        1 more item...
        
        Type IIb
        
        described as what 2 things
        
        2 more items...
        
        distinct type
        
        Type IIx
        
        1 more item...
        
        Differentiated based on what 3 things
        
        predominate energy source
        
        speed of contraction
        
        intensity of neural stimulation
        
        motor unit
        
        definition
        
        basic functional component of muscle function
        
        aka
        
        alpha motor neuron and all fibers it innervates
        
        5 more items...
        
        all muscle fibers within a motor unit are...
        
        the same. so all type I slow-oxidative, all type 11a fast oxidative, etc.
        
        Gamma efferent neuron
        
        what do they do
        
        innervate intrafusal fibers
        
        4 more items...
        
        what causes them to get stimulated
        
        the descending fibers synapsing with them
        
        • Myofibril
        
        definition
        
        tiny rods inside each muscle fiber that consist sarcomeres, which those consists of long myofilaments (being actin and myosin), and the actin and myosin are the units that actually contract
        
        ability to contract is due to sufficiency if what 3 things
        
        2 more items...
        
        • Sarcomere
        
        what are they
        
        contractile unit of a myofibril that occurs in repeating segments
        
        consist of what
        
        myofilaments (2)
        
        thick myosin filaments
        
        thin actin filaments
        
        how do they contract
        
        1 more item...
        
        • Myofilaments
        
        • Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
        
        sacrolemma
        
        what are they
        
        cell membrane that wraps are the muscle fibers
    - - Local
        
        considered
        
        main stabilizers
        
        why (3 reasons)
        
        More postural, generally can not be seen superficially, Controlled subconsciously,
        
        location
        
        Muscles closest to the center of rotation of the joints and core
        
        mostly composed of which m. fibers and what does this mean
        
        type I so more endurance
        
        Examples (4)
        
        TrA, Multifidus, Pelvic floor, Diaphragm
      - Global
        
        considered
        
        secondary stabilizers
        
        when are they active
        
        when a particular motion is occurring
        
        mostly composed of which m. fibers
        
        type II
        
        Examples (3)
        
        Obliques, QL, Rectus Abdominis
    - - static
        
        aka
        
        isometric
      - dynamic
        
        what occurs
        
        m. belly shortnes or lengthens
        
        2 types of action
        
        isotonic
        
        2 types
        
        concentric
        
        often described as what
        
        1 more item...
        
        SEC activity
        
        1 more item...
        
        PEC activity
        
        1 more item...
        
        what occurs
        
        1 more item...
        
        eccentric
        
        what occurs
        
        1 more item...
        
        often described as
        
        1 more item...
        
        Contractile elements (2)
        
        3 more items...
        
        is vessels larger or smaller than concentric (why)
        
        1 more item...
        
        clearly linked to what 3 things
        
        3 more items...
        
        extreme bouts of eccentric loading can cause what (3)
        
        3 more items...
        
        definition
        
        external load or resistance remains constant thru available ROM
        
        examples (3)
        
        free weights, weight cuffs, theraband
        
        isokinetic
        
        definition
        
        speed of muscular action remains constant (not commonly used)
      - force of muscle actions depends on what (7)
        
        m. length
        
        what 3 things control this
        
        contractile element
        
        abbreviation
        
        CE
        
        what 2 things is this composed of
        
        1 more item...
        
        parallel elastic component
        
        abbreviation
        
        PEC
        
        what 3 things is this composed of
        
        1 more item...
        
        series elastic component
        
        abbreviation
        
        SEC
        
        what is this composed of
        
        tendon
        
        Fiber stimulation
        
        an action potential results in what
        
        single twitch
        
        why wouldnt a muscle not return to resting state
        
        if action potential are close together (what is this called)
        
        1 more item...
        
        what is tetany
        
        sustained contraction when the stimulus is fast enough
        
        • Diameter of the muscle
        
        • Fibers/motor unit
        
        • Number of motor units fired
        
        the larger the motor unit...
        
        larger the threshold
        
        smaller units are fired first or last
        
        first at low tensions
        
        • Force-velocity curve :star:
        
        what are the 2 different sides of the graph
        
        concentric
        
        what type of load would get to max velocity
        
        2 more items...
        
        eccentric
        
        what results at the highest velocity
        
        1 more item...
        
        • Angle of muscular attachment
    - - many of the neutral starting positions are considered what
        
        weak positions mechanically
        
        why is this
        
        most mm. force is directed along the length of the bone
      - when are these mm. most powerful
        
        about 20% into the lengthened range (so 20% lengthened after mid-range)
      - what are the 2 types of force components
        
        parallel and rotary force
        
        which force is highest
        
        parallel
        
        why
        
        bc it stabilizes the joint
        
        what occurs after 90°
        
        Parallel component ↑ to produce a dislocating force
        
        which force is lowest
        
        rotary
        
        when does rotary increase to its max
        
        @ 90° (hits its functional “sticking point”)
        
        what occurs after 90°
        
        Rotary component diminishes
    - - Spurt vs. Shunt mm.
        
        spurt
        
        definition
        
        When the insertion is close to the joint
        
        what does this allow
        
        1 more item...
        
        2 examples
        
        Biceps brachii, rectus femoris
        
        shunt
        
        definition
        
        When the insertion is far from the joint
        
        what does this allow
        
        1 more item...
        
        example
        
        brachioradialis
        
        • Type of Movement
        
        • Fiber Arrangement
        
        5 types
        
        fusiform
        
        how are fibers arranged
        
        in spindle shape (fibers are parallel relative to the tendon)
        
        1 more item...
        
        examples (2)
        
        Brachialis and tibialis anterior
        
        parallel
        
        how are fibers arranged
        
        parallel to eachother
        
        examples (2)
        
        Sartorius and rectus abdominus
        
        pennate
        
        how are fibers arranged
        
        in a feather-like pattern (fibers are obliquely shaped from the tendon)
        
        1 more item...
        
        3 types
        
        Uni-pennate
        
        1 more item...
        
        bi-pennate
        
        1 more item...
        
        multipenatte
        
        1 more item...
        
        convergent
        
        how are fibers arranged
        
        Like fusiform, with more flat
        orientation
        
        examples (4)
        
        Pectoralis, trapezius, latissimus dorsi,
        Gluteus Medius
        
        circular
        
        how are fibers arranged
        
        circular direction
        
        2 examples
        
        Orbicularis oris, anal sphincter
    - - Prime mover vs. assistant mover
        
        2 examples of assitatnt mover c extention
        
        teres major and triceps
        
        example of primary mover c extension
        
        lats
        
        when are secondary movers recruited
        
        when increased force is needed
        
        • Agonist vs. antagonist
        
        what is a m. antagonist
        
        when m. opposes or producing opposite joint motion
        
        2 things that it can do
        
        relax to allow a movement to occur
        
        contract concurrently with agonists
        
        2 more items...
        
        what is a m. agonist
        
        Describes muscle(s) creating same joint movement
        
        • Stabilizers and neutralizers
        
        m. stabilizers
        
        function
        
        Acting in one segment so specific motion in adjacent joint can occur
        
        in what 3 regions is this important
        
        Shoulder girdle during UE motion
        
        • Hip region and pelvic girdle during gait
        
        • Lumbar spine during many tasks
        
        m. neutrilizers
        
        function
        
        Muscle acts to eliminate unwanted joint action of another muscle
        
        aka
        
        synergizer
        
        what mm. are the neutralizers if glute max only wants to extend & not ER (2)
        
        Gluteus minimus and TFL contract to produce neutralizing IR action
        
        • One joint vs. two joint muscles
        
        what can 2 joint mm. do
        
        May allow positive (concentric) work at one joint and negative
        (eccentric) work at another
        
        indirect m. action
        
        definition
        
        A muscle can even create motion in joints it
        does not span
        
        example
        
        soleus can actively plantarflex ankle and indirectly extend knee during closed pack standing
    - - active insufficiency
        
        definition
        
        Decreased ability of the muscle to produce or maintain active tension from No cross-bridges left when muscle activated in shortened position
        
        when does this typically occur
        
        2-joint muscle contracts across 2 joints
        simultaneously
        
        what does it result in
        
        severely compromised tension
      - inactive insufficiency
        
        definition
        
        Limitation of motion caused by elongation of muscle
        
        when does this typically occur
        
        2-joint muscle is lengthened across 2 joints
        simultaneously
        
        2 examples
        
        Hip flexion with knee extended
        
        Finger extension with active wrist flexion
      - tenodesis
        
        definition
        
        Movement caused by passive tension
        
        example
        
        cant may a full fist when wrist is flex, but can when wrist is extended
- - - - how does this happen
        
        These tissues store and release energy when loaded and unloaded
        during activities like running, jumping, or walking
- - - - mechanical properties are different in different directions
    - - wood, bone, intervertebral disk
  - - - mechanical properties are consistent in different directions
    - - many metals, ice
- - - - examples (2)
        
        chewing gum, beef jerky
    - - examples (2)
        
        chips, cortical bone
- - - - Immovable joints, often found in areas requiring stability and protection
    - - sutures in the skull
        
        what is this
        
        2 bones grow together, separated by only thin layers of fibrous periosteum
      - gomphoses
        
        what is this
        
        Binds teeth to bony sockets, separated by only thin layers of fibrous periosteum
      - syndesmosis
        
        what is this
        
        Joint bound by ligament only
        
        2 examples
        
        radioulnar jt, tibiofibular jt.
    - - dense irregular tissue
    - - Bind bones together
        
        • Transmit force with little joint motion
        
        what does this do
        
        decrease the potential for injury
  - - - Joints allow for limited movement and are found in areas where some flexibility is needed without
        sacrificing strength
    - - “cartilaginous” joints
        
        separated by what type of cartilage
        
        fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
    - - Joint stability
        
        • Minimal to moderate movement
        
        • Shock absorption
    - - symphysis
        
        what is this
        
        A segment of fibrocartilage joins the bones
        
        what is fibrocartilage
        
        cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord.
        
        example (2)
        
        pubic symphysis, spinal interbody joints
      - sychondrosis
        
        what is this
        
        Hyaline cartilage joins the bones
        
        example
        
        Growth plates in long bones
  - - - Freely movable joints, primarily synovial joints, where a wide range of movements is needed
    - - shoulder, hip, knee, and wrist joints
    - - synovial joints
        
        6 characteristics
        
        synovial fluid
        
        functions (4)
        
        Absorbs and transmits forces
        
        Nourishes articular cartilage
        
        Decreases friction between joint surfaces
        
        allows diffusion of nutrients and waste between articular cartilage
        and synovial membrane
        
        decription
        
        Viscous, pale, yellow, clear fluid
        
        principle components (4)
        
        water
        
        proteoglycans
        
        hyaluronic acid
        
        lubricin
        
        hyaline cartilage
        
        what does it do
        
        covers the ends of bone
        
        articular capsule
        
        vascular supply system
        
        what does it do
        
        supplies the capsule but does not enter the joint cavity
        
        receptors
        
        provide what
        
        prioprioception
        
        other elements (3)
        
        mensici
        
        fat pads
        
        labrum
        
        types of joints
        
        hinge joints
        
        example
        
        humeroulnar joint
        
        has how many degrees of freedom
        
        1 degree, move around 1 axis
        
        pivot joints
        
        example
        
        humeroradial joint
        
        how may segments
        
        2 (different shapes)
        
        ring-shaped
        
        shaped so it can rotate within the ring
        
        ellipsoid
        
        shape
        
        elongated convex surface in elongated concave surface
        
        How many degrees of freedom
        
        2 degrrees
        
        example (2)
        
        radiocarpal joint, ulnocarpal joint
        
        ball and socket
        
        example
        
        hip
        
        how many degrees of freedom
        
        3 degrees of freedom
        
        plane joints
        
        follow concave on convex rule
        
        push in the direction you want them to go
        
        examples (2)
        
        carpal joints, subtalar joint
        
        how many degrees of freedom
        
        2 degrees of freedom
        
        description
        
        Bones are relatively flat allowing for gliding and some rotation
        
        saddle joints
        
        description
        
        Each segment has both convex and concave portions
        
        example (2)
        
        sternoclavicular joint, thumb joint
        
        condyloid joint
        
        description
        
        Shallower version of the ball and socket joint
        
        example
        
        Atlanto-occipital joint (@ base of neck)
        
        Synovial joint capsule
        
        functions (3)
        
        Encapsulate the joint
        
        • Produces and contains the synovial fluid
        
        description
        
        1 more item...
        
        also located... (2)
        
        1 more item...
        
        what is not in it
        
        1 more item...
        
        • Provides nutrition for articular cartilage
        
        articular cartilage
        
        9 more items...
        
        2 layers
        
        synovium membrane
        
        turnover of cells happen here
        
        aka
        
        stratum synovium
        
        has 2 layers
        
        Sub-synovial tissue and intima
        
        1 more item...
        
        location
        
        lines entire joint cavity except over 2 things
        
        2 more items...
        
        fibrous capsule
        
        aka stratum fibrosum
        
        what is the largest synovial joint
        
        menisci
        
        location
        
        knee
        
        composed of (2 things)
        
        fibrocartilage
        
        extracellular matrix
        
        how is it arranged (2 things)
        
        2 more items...
        
        its mostly composed of which collagen
        
        1 more item...
- - - - cyclical exercises like biking and running
        
        what are the short term effects of this (2)
        
        Articular cartilage thickens (improves force dissipation), and increases volume of synovial fluid in joint
- - - - more slower than type 2
    - - measures frequency of vibration and pressue
    - - function
    - - has 3 things
        
        mechanical stimuli
        
        chemical stimuli
        
        thermal stimuli
      - known as 2 things
        
        Free Nerve Endings
        
        Nociceptors