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Urban enviroments 2, Chalenges in Urbanisation - Coggle Diagram

- - - - A central core or central business district (CBD)
      - Industrial areas
      - Different residential districts
      - Shopping centres
      - High-rise buildings
      - Cultural and leisure areas
      - Multi-storey car parks
      - Bus and railway stations
    - - Segregation between areas happens because they have different values
        
        For example, retail shops will seek better positions to increase sales
        
        Therefore, land uses of similar activities will come together creating 'peaks' and 'troughs' of land values across the urban landscape
        
        https://cdn.savemyexams.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,width=1920,w=1920/uploads/2022/08/urban-land-value-distribution-across-a-city-1.png
        
        Segregation between areas happens because of
        
        value
        
        Value usally decreases from the center to the putside
        
        Higher prices are as well normally found around main roads or important parts of the city
        
        value varies across the urban areas
        
        location
        
        The closer to key functions, the higher the value
        
        Accessibility and desirability increase land value
        
        Location is important for value
    - - Cities are segregated into zones
        
        These zones have different values
      - All cities and towns expand outwards, in rings, the centre will always be the core of the city
        
        This happens because the city needs to develop
      - Features of towns and cities
        
        In the centre:A central core(older part of the city)
        
        Inner city ring
        
        Suburban ring
        
        Urban Fringe
        
        https://cdn.savemyexams.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,width=1920,w=1920/uploads/2022/08/4-zones-of-a-city.png
        
        sometimes industrial land use
        
        housing is clustered
        
        smaller number of retailers
        
        Mostly includes housing
        
        housing with space and gardens
        
        https://www.geographyphotos.com/image/I000090z4fhq13cY
        
        old worker houses
        
        old industrial areas
        
        Areas are centred around transport links and access
        
        https://www.designcurial.com/Uploads/NewsArticle/6034731/main.jpeg
        
        Home to the central business district (CBD) exp. banks, retail and commercial offices
        
        https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Central_Core_of_Moscow-City.jpg
    - - file:///home/chronos/u-8375270a77df2a8f588422d8e30fc042f516fdb7/MyFiles/Downloads/Screenshot%202024-10-05%2011.22.35%20AM.png
    - - RIch people are able to live in large houses
      - Poor people live in smaller, more cramped houses
      - wealth segregates the poor and the rich in a city
      - Different groups might be separated inside the city, for example by ethenicity or religion
    - - value of the land
        
        HOw much does the land cost and for which group is it affordable
      - Transportation
        
        How easy is it to access the area of the city or town
      - location
        
        Is it a good location for housing, retail, factories or other parts
- - - - This model consist on dividing the parts of the city into rings
      - the city is divided in 5 sections
        
        Zone of independent worker homes/ low class
        
        Industrial area and poorer quality housing
        
        Habbited by lone individuals or immigrants
        
        Zone of better residence/ middle class
        
        Many condoms and houses which are not rented
        
        Newer and more spacious houses occupied mostly by families in the middle class
        
        Zone of transportation
        
        industrial area and poorer quality housing
        
        Habited most commonly by immigrants or single individuals
        
        Commuter's zone/ high class
        
        Mostly upper class residents with more money
        
        People go to the CBD for work
        
        central business district
        
        high cost of land leads to skyscrapers
        
        Most business or government institutions are here
        
        centre of the city
      - https://www.coolgeography.co.uk/GCSE/Year%2010/Human%20World/Land%20use%20models/burgess.gif
    - - City is divided in sectors
        
        some fo the sectors can be
        
        Working class housing
        
        Middle class housing
        
        factories/industry
        
        Commute zone/high class housing
        
        central business distrit
      - Paterns in Hoyt's model
        
        the central business district always in the centre and other sectors expand from it
        
        low quality housing next to factories
        
        high class normally on the outside of the city
      - https://www.coolgeography.co.uk/GCSE/Year%2010/Human%20World/Land%20use%20models/hoyt.gif
- - - - In emerging cities, the supply of houses can't keep up with the demand, leading to a high number of informal housing
        
        These informal houses are normally called squatter settlements, slums or shanty towns
        
        These houses are normally built in places like
        
        In areas of no economic value
        
        On the urban edges or fringes
        
        Along main roads or railways
        
        Clinging onto the side of steep slopes
        
        Examples of this kind of setlements can be seen in
        
        Duharavi, India
        
        Orangi Town, Karachi, Pakistan
        
        Nairobi
        
        These types of houses are not secure as they have the risk of flooding, fire or other risks
        
        squatter settlements normally suffer from
        
        restricted access to services
        
        no sanitation
        
        Poor overcrowded small housing
    - - Fast rate of population growth means more demands for jobs which is not met
        
        This results on unemplyment
      - People with no jobs will try to work in informal employment
        
        This is jobs which are unskilled labour and normally have low pay
      - This doesn't give income to the city
    - - Sanitation and urban supplies
        
        It is common to not have water and proper sanitation fadcilities
        
        Most people end up drinking from unreliable sources which might lead to a health risk.
      - Transportation
        
        The roads are not sufficient to support the amount of people i the city
        
        Pollution of the cars
        
        Bad private vehicles and bad traffic control
      - Energy suppies
        
        Often unreliable or inadequate
        
        Most of the energy in this cities comes from non-renewable sources
    - - Cycle of poverty
        
        People who live in poverty have a hard time exiting that poverty in their life, this is called cycle of poverty
        
        https://cdn.savemyexams.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,width=1920,w=1920/uploads/2022/08/cycle-of-poverty.png
      - Deprivation
        
        A way of living that is under the norm
        
        deprivation is influenced by factors as
        
        Income
        
        Employment
        
        Health
        
        Education
        
        Access to housing and services
        
        Crime
        
        Living environment
      - Low quality of life
        
        In emerging countries most people have a low quality of life
        
        Can be caused by things like
        
        Bad education
        
        Bad sanitation
        
        Lack of services
        
        poverty
        
        Bad housing
  - - - Problems arrise because of addictions of alcholo or drugs
      - Most of the employment is informal or unskilled
      - A high number of people living in Kibera are unemployed
    - - Very small mud houses shared by a high amount of people
    - - Only 20% of people have electricity
      - Electricity is not affordable for everyone
    - - Polluted water collected ffrom damn, which brings health issues
      - People need to pay for clean water, which some of them can't do
    - - No proper sewege
      - No toilet facilities
      - No proper disposal for sewege wastes
    - - No proper hospitals or medical facilities
      - Lots of health issues which are hard to treat with little medical facilities
      - Pregnancy is very common, with half of young girls being pregnant
- - - - Transport and Traffic
      - Energy supply
      - Low food supply
      - Deindustrialization
      - Globalisatoion
      - Service provision
    - - ecological footprint
      - energy and land use
      - Lack of sustainability
      - Hazard risk
      - Pollution and waste disposal
      - Damage of green space
    - - ethnic segregation
      - Quality of life
      - poverty and deprivation
      - Ageing population
      - Social services and housing
      - Tourism and Crime
  - - - Getting food for a large number of inhabitants can be difficult
      - Transportation of food might make it expensive
    - - A city needs a sufficient energy supply
      - Energy mostly comes from non-renewable sources
      - as the city grows energy scurity decreases
    - - Pollution
      - Congestions in traffic become more common as the city grows
    - - Clean water is needed for all of the city
      - High demand of water, the city might not have the resources to provide
    - - Space quickly runs out from the high production of waste
      - High production of waste in the city
    - - Isolation seen in some groups
      - People are segregated as people tend to live in their group
  - - - It is a Special Administrative Region of China
      - located on an island
      - land area over 1000km and more than 7 million people
      - a top finantial business centre.
    - - Economic
        
        Food supply
        
        Most of the food is imported
        
        Doesn't have a sustainable food source
      - enviromental
        
        Waste disposal
        
        Each year Hong Kong produces a total of 6.4 million tones of waste
        
        Most of the waste is dumped in waste disposal plants
        
        Sustainability
        
        Depends on a lot of other cities to survive
        
        Mostly uses non-renewable energy sources
        
        Hong Kong consumes a lot of resources
        
        Ecological footprint
        
        Lots of CO2 produced from burning of Fossil fuels
        
        Pollution on water because of waste disposal
      - Social
        
        Housing
        
        Hong Kong has become a vertical city (mostly tall buildings)
        
        Lots of people in a small country meaning it is very crowded and housing has a lot of demand
        
        People mostly live in small public houses
        
        People who have no houses live in slums, which are built on top of roof tops
        
        Segregation in wealth groups
        
        Due to a large wealth gap different wealth groups are segregated
        
        Social services
        
        Despite this Hong Kong still provides mostly good services, as for example healthcare
        
        Bad services for an ageing population
        
        Poverty and Deprivation
        
        Lots of squatter settlements and slums
        
        However, a new form of squatter settlement has arisen to accommodate the homeless - the 'penthouse slum' or 'rooftop shanty town'
        
        Poverty and deprivation is really common in Hong Kong
        
        People live in very harsh condition because of lack of money
        
        ethnic segregation
        
        Segregation is very common in Hong Kong as there are a lot of ethnic groups
        
        Transport
        
        Traffic congestion is really common in a big city, meaning it might be hard to go to some places
        
        Public transport is really common in hong kong as people don't have the necessary money to haev private transport