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Enzymes, Experiments, Question example - Coggle Diagram
Enzymes
Applications
Food industry
Cheese making
Proteases
Splitting milk
Casine
Whey
Fruit juice extraction
Pectinase
Breaks polysaccharides
Liquid-centred chocolate production
Invertase
Cooking
Meat tenderizer
Papain
Break down protein into soluble amino acids
Detergent
Proteases and lipases
Environmental protection
Biofuel
Cellulase
Sugar into ethanol
Biodegradable plastic production
Cosmetics
Papain
Clean carotene
Stonewashed jeans production
Cellulase
Break down fibres
Drugs
Etc lysosome
CH TEST
Factors affecting activity
Temperature
Below optimum
Molecules move slowly, chances of colliding is low
Mostly inactive
Rising the temperature will increase activity
Collides more and forms more enzyme-substrate
Optimum
Maximum activity
Every enzyme has its own optimum temperature
Above optimum
Activity decreases with increased temperature
Active site changed PERMANENTLY (Denatured)
Substrate not longer fit into the active site
Loses catalytic ability permanently
pH
Optimum
Maximum activity
At low and high
Activity decreases
Active site changed PERMANENTLY (Denatured)
Inhibitors
Examples: Cyanide, some heavy metals
Action and properties of enzymes
Actions
Has an active site with specific shape
Forms enzyme-substrate complex
Greatly lowers activation energy
Substrate -> Product and leaves the active site
Enzyme in original form for reuse
Properties
Biological catalysts
Speeds up catabolic reactions
Specific
Only a specific kind of substrate can form a enzyme-substrate complex
Lock and key hypothesis
Proteins
Affected by pH, denatured at high temperatures
They can be reused
Only a small amount is needed
Metabolism
Reduces activation energy
Catabolism
Breaking-down
Respiration
Creak down of complex molecules in food
Anabolism
Building-up
Photosynthesis
Synthesis of complex molecules
Experiments
Control variables
Surface area (most important in reaction RATE)
Mass/ volume of tissue
Shape of tissue
Obtaining results faster
Increase concentration of enzymes (excessive substrate)
Temp -> optimum
pH -> optimum
Independent variables ( Things that affect the rate/final)
Types of tissues
Measuring rate
Usually use the fastest reacting time period (mostly at the start)
Moar samples
MOAR RELIABILITY
Control set up
More accuracy
Question example
Experiment
Controlled variable kept constant (max2)
1 independent variable (1)
How to measure and interpret the results (2)
Repeat with variations of independent variable
Glycogen and trehalose digestive enzymes inhibitor inject into insect species A
Control : physiological saline
Independent: Inhibitors
Compare with control, use data
Answer: Trehalose is the flight energy reserve..
..
Causes
Reaction
Product
Why the product leads to final
