Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Exam 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Present
        
        ~20.9%
        
        ~535x more O2
      - Land plants
        
        8-15x higher in CO2
        
        ~4% O2
        
        Thin tissues
        
        Weak ozone
      - Terrestrialization
        
        ~470Ma
        
        Multicellular sporophyte
        
        Retain zygote
        
        Apical cells
    - - Charophycean green algae
      - Streptophyta
        
        Embryophya
        
        Charophytes
      - Grow flat
  - - - Liverwort
  - - - Stomata
      - Conducting elements
      - Similar to liverworts
  - - - Dominant sporophyte
      - (415-360Ma)
  - - - Alteration of generation
      - Gametophyte dominant
      - Sporophyte evolves
    - - Water conducting cells
      - Food conducting cells
    - - Sporophyte land plant
        
        But liverwort
      - Ordovician
      - Aerial surfaces
        
        Covered with cuticle
    - - Rhizomes grow down
      - gravitropism
      - phototropism
      - New branch
        
        Early roots
        
        Branched at tips
      - Lineages evolved by leaves
    - - Gametophyte
        
        Sporophyte dependent
        
        Special tissue layers
      - Seed ferns (extinct)
      - Gymnosperm
        
        Naked seed
      - Angiosperm
        
        Hidden seed
    - - Stem specialization
      - Attraction
      - Dispersal
      - Convolution
- - - - Haplontic
  - - - Short lived
      - Simple
    - - Relatively complex
      - Persistent
  - - - Leafy gametophyte
      - Diploid sporophyte
    - - Dominant life stage
      - Antheridiophore
        
        Male
        
        Antheridia
        
        Contain sperm
      - Archegoniophore
        
        Female
        
        Archegonia
        
        Contain eggs
      - Antherital head
        
        Male
        
        Antherita
        
        Contain sperm
      - Archegonial head
        
        Female
        
        Archegonia
        
        Contain eggs
    - - Small temporary structure
      - Parasitic on gametophyte
      - Meiosis within sporangium
        
        Sporocytes (2n)
        
        Spores (1n)
    - - Leafy gametophyte
      - Diploid sporophyte
  - - - Hetersporous
      - Retained in spore walls
      - Sperm swims
    - - Male and female
        
        In spore wall
      - Small
      - Microgametophytes
        
        Male
        
        Antheridium
        
        Sperm
      - Megagametophytes
        
        Female
        
        Archegonium
        
        Egg
    - - Heterosporous
      - Micro=male
      - Mage=female
      - Sori
        
        Sporangia
        
        Indusia
      - Large persistent diploid
    - - Independent gametophyte
      - Independent sporophyte
  - - - Pine
      - Microgametophyte
        
        No longer water restriction
      - Megagametophyte
        
        Protected
    - - Large dominant diploid stage
      - Gametophyte reduced to microscopic structures
      - Diverse flowering plants
      - Annual perennial
      - Indeterminate growth
    - - Microgametophyte
        
        Pollen
        
        Multicellular haploid
        
        Pollen grain
        
        Immature
        
        Mature germinating
      - Megagametophyte
        
        Nutritive tissue
        
        Integuments protected
        
        Within ovule
        
        Multicellular haploid
        
        Egg one of the cells (nuclei)
    - - Lily
      - Sporophyte dominant
      - Gametophytes microscopic
- - - - Early evolution
      - Stomata
        
        Small spore
        
        Permit rapid gas
        
        Oxygen out
        
        Carbon dioxide in
        
        Control of water loss
      - Similar shapes
        
        Early Devonian
        
        -400 mya
        
        Extinct lineages
        
        Rhyniophytes
        
        Cooksonia
        
        Extant angiosperm
        
        Air chambers
        
        Bean-like shape
        
        Inner wall thickening
      - Desiccating sporophyte
        
        Stomata origin
        
        Spore dispersal
        
        Likely not regulated
        
        Permitted CO2
        
        No intercellular space
      - Lower stomatal frequency
        
        Support early role
        
        On non-photosynthetic sporophyte tissue
        
        Extant early lineages
      - Intercellular spaces
        
        No space
        
        Space filled with fluid
        
        Stomatal canal, small air space
        
        Aid in diffusion
        
        Cell death
      - Flowering plants
        
        Monocot
        
        Dumbbell shape
        
        Same direction as epidermal cells
        
        Eudicot
        
        Kidney shaped
        
        Random orientation
    - - Guard cell control
        
        Active metabolic processes
        
        Increase turgor pressue
        
        Moves ions
        
        Hypotonic to hypertonic
      - Photosynthetic dependent
        
        Provides ATP
        
        Protons pumped out
        
        Ancestral condition
        
        Independent of blue light
        
        Closure at night
      - Water use efficiency
        
        Water loss to carbon gain
        
        Close pore
        
        Reduce transport
        
        Maintain hydration
        
        Derived character
        
        Reduce probability
        
        ABA responsive in seed plants
        
        Angiosperm respond to VPD
  - - - Apomorphy
        
        Derived novel trait
      - Synapomorohy
        
        Shared by two or more taxa
        
        Synonymous with homology
      - Autapomorphy
        
        Character newer than
      - Plesimorphy
        
        Character older than
      - Homoplasy
      - Convergence
        
        Independent evolution
    - - Totipotent region
      - Found in charophytes
      - Growth by mitosis
    - - Mitosis
      - Prophase
      - Metaphase
      - Anaphase
      - Telophase
      - Cytokinesis
    - - Charophytes
      - Bryophytes protonema
        
        Filamentous
        
        Apical bud
    - - Linear growth
        
        Divide at tip
        
        Cytokinesis in single plane
      - Leafy shoot growth
        
        Cytokinesis in oblique planes
    - - Splitting tip into 2
      - Laid foundation
        
        Large complex plants
        
        Specialized organ systems
      - Bryophytes
        
        Unique mutant
      - Simple early fossils
        
        Cooksonia eg
      - Current day Lycophytes
    - - Displace sporangium
        
        Side axel
        
        On leaf
      - Some tips sterile
      - Necessary prior to indeterminacy
      - Polysporaniate
    - - Evolved prior to vascularization
      - Lycophytes various
      - Equal branching
        
        Isotomous
      - Unequal branching
        
        Anisotomous
    - - Vascular plant synapomorphy
      - Grow continuously
        
        Produce new organs
        
        Produce new tissue
        
        From shoot apex
      - Displace terminal sporangium
      - Likely evolved after vasculature
    - - Meristems evolved independently
        
        Bryophyte
        
        Fern
        
        Vascular plant
      - Vascular plant meristems
        
        Lycophytes
        
        Monilophytes
        
        Spermatophytes
    - - Totipotent region
      - Continuously divides
      - Matures in to transition tissues
        
        Ground meristem
        
        Procambium
        
        Protoderm
  - - - Tracheophytes
        
        Synapomorphy
        
        All have vascular tissue
        
        Cell types varies
        
        Vascular architecture diverse
      - Early evidence
        
        Tracheids
        
        Annular thickenings
        
        Cooksonia
        
        Thought to be true tracheids
      - Lychophytes
        
        Early vascular group
        
        Creating towering forests
    - - No specialized cells
        
        Poikilohydric
        
        Small
        
        Lives in wet substrates
        
        More derived homoiohydric
      - Hydroids
        
        Bryophytes
        
        Water conducting cells
        
        No plasmodesmata
        
        Aid in refilling from cavitation
        
        Apomorphic trait
        
        No lignin
      - Tracheary elements
        
        Die in maturity
        
        Thickened lignin walls
        
        Waterproofing
        
        Structural support
      - Stepwise progression
        
        Partially thickened
        
        Rhynia
        
        Vascular tissue
        
        Lightened tracheids
        
        Horneophyten
        
        Annular cell wall
        
        Helical cell wall
        
        During Devonian
        
        Increase in xylem content
        
        Increase tracheids size
        
        Increase tracheids reinforcement
      - Early tracheids
        
        Water transport only
        
        Lignified
        
        Long and wide
        
        Ferns
        
        Lychophytes
        
        Pit membranes
      - True tracheids
        
        Lignified ornamented walls
        
        Banned or pitted
        
        Evolved once
        
        Tracheophytes
        
        Function in both
        
        Water transport
        
        Support
        
        Tapered at ends
        
        Rather narrow
      - Pine tracheids
        
        Function in water movement
        
        Torus-Margo pit membrane
        
        Move to prevent cavitation
      - Vessel elements
        
        Angiosperms
        
        Homogenous pit membrane
        
        Large diameter
        
        Dead and maturity
        
        Open, digested end walls
      - Tracheid vs vessel element
      - Vessel element differentiation
        
        Apical meristem
        
        Vacuolization
        
        Elongation
        
        Secondary cell wall
        
        Annular
        
        Helical
        
        Reticulate
        
        Porous
        
        Dead at maturity
    - - Food conducting cells
        
        Widespread in bryophytes
        
        Specialized plasmodesmata
        
        Endoplasmic microtubules
        
        Plastids
        
        Mitochondria
        
        ER vesicles
        
        Breakdown of tonoplast
        
        Mix vacuolar & cytoplasmic
        
        Rare nuclear breakdown
        
        Common to sieve cells
      - Sieve cells &
        albuminous cells
        
        Transport
        
        Photosynthetic
        
        Hormones
        
        Electric signals
        
        Sieve pores narrow
        
        Uniform sieve areas
        
        Mostly on ends
        
        Lacks sieve plate
      - Sieve tube element
        
        Transport of
        
        Photosynthase
        
        Hormones
        
        Electric signals
        
        Sieve tube element
        
        Sieve plate
        
        Sieve pore
        
        Lateral sieve area
        
        P protein
        
        Plastid
        
        Smooth ER
        
        Mitochondria
        
        Companion cell
        
        Branched plasmodesmata
        
        Vacuole
        
        Nucleus
        
        Mitochondria
      - Plasmodesmata connections
        
        Sieve tube & companion cell form mother cell
        
        Connected by a large quantity of plasmodesmata
        
        One pore in sieve tube
      - Sieve tube contents
        
        P-proteins
        
        Plug pores
        
        Forisomes
        
        Legumes
        
        Plug pores
        
        Sieve element plastids
        
        Mitochondria
        
        Very few
        
        Endoplasmic reticulum
        
        Lost ribosomes
        
        Highly folded
      - Phloem differentiation
        
        Cell wall thickened
        
        Cytoplasmic clearing
        
        No ribosomes
        
        Nuclear break down
        
        Formation of sieve plate & pores
    - - Arrangement changes
        
        Monocot
        
        Root with pith
        
        Stem without pith
        
        Eudicot
        
        Root without pith
        
        Stem with oith
      - Increasing complexity
        
        Complexity increased
        
        Stem diameter increased
        
        Plant height increased
        
        Led to compartmentalization
        
        Selected for a woody habit
      - 3 major stele types
        
        Protostele (-420Ma)
        
        Earliest
        
        Solid vascular strand
        
        Phloem surrounds xylem
        
        Siphonostele(-407Ma)
        
        Ring of phloem
        xylem separated by parenchyma
        
        Progymnosperms
      - Arch’s
        
        Xylem maturation
        
        Protoxylem
        
        1st xylem to mature
        
        Smaller in diameter
        
        Metaxylem
        
        Develops later
        
        Larger diameter
        
        Exarch
        
        Protoxylem outside metaxylem
        
        eg protosteles
        
        Endarch
        
        Protoxylem in middle
        
        Eg eusteles, atactosteles
        
        Mesarch
        
        Protoxylem surrounded by metaxylem
        
        eg siphonosteles
      - Lycophytes
      - Ferns
      - Minocotyledonae
      - Eudicotyledonae
- - - - Rhizoid
        
        uni-multicellular
        
        anchorage
        
        mineral uptake
        
        genes
        
        predate land plants
        
        hair development
      - Rizomorphs
        
        lepidodendrales extinct
        
        Dichotomous rooting system
        
        lateral stigmarian system,
        
        roots hairs, mixed reports
        
        highly branched
        
        similar to roots
        
        no chlorophyll
        
        no stomata
        
        develop gravitropically
        
        No root cap
        
        Extant species lycophyte
        
        Bifurcating
        
        With root hairs
        
        No quiescent center
      - Shoot turned root
        
        Rhine chert
        
        Zoesterphyllophyta
        
        Early Devonian
        
        Upright stem
        
        Prostate stems
        
        downward stems
      - Root meristem
        
        Diversity arrangment
        
        number of initial cells differs
        
        Similar genes plant taxa
        
        Similar genes
    - - Early without root hairs
      - Intact epidermis
        
        Anticilnal divisions
      - Devonian lycophyte
      - Independent evolution
        
        Endodermis
        
        root cap
  - - - water transport system
        
        minimal maitnence= cell death
        
        transport energy minimal
        
        water filtration close to soil access
    - - increased competition
        
        taller plants
        
        more developed tree canopies
      - Higher rates of transpiration
        
        more xylem, wide xylem, longer conduits
      - likely evolved 5 times
    - - monocotyledonae
      - arborescent
        
        no secondary growth
    - - lepidondrids
        
        carboniferous
        
        ~320mya
        
        vascular cambium
      - Archaeopteris
        
        Devonian/Carboniferous
        
        Reproduced via spores
      - Extant lineages
        
        lycophytes
        
        Euphyllophyte
    - - wood block
        
        unique for each face
        
        longitudinal
        
        transverse
        
        radial
      - Initials
        
        fusiform
        
        Ray
    - - xylem secondary cell walls robust
      - Phloem is crushed
      - ring width (season)
      - Alteration of
        
        early wood
        
        Late wood
    - - season or environment
      - spring to fall
      - larger to smaller elements
    - - sapwood
        
        functions in water transport
      - heartwood
        
        functions in storage
        
        no longer transport water
    - - softwood
        
        trachea's only
        
        little room for fibers
        
        gymnosperms
      - Hardwood
        
        vessel elements
        
        Angiosperm
    - - ground tissue
        
        rays connect
        
        pith
        
        cortex
      - vasucular tissue
        
        xylem
        
        wood
        
        primary & secondary
        
        Phloem #
        
        innerbar
        
        secondary
        
        primary squished
        
        lots of fibers
      - periderm
        
        outer bark
        
        phellem
        
        phellogen
        
        phelloderm
    - - periderm
        
        cork
      - phellogen
        
        cork cambium
      - outer bark
      - inner bark
        
        phloem & cortex
  - - - Initial constraints
        
        high temp
        
        Low stomatal densities
        
        increase permit greater cooling
      - Polyphyletic origin
        
        Early evidence
        
        Lycophytes
        
        microphylls/lycophylls
        
        Euphyllophytes
        
        independent evolution
      - Optimal light interception
        
        intermediate growth
        
        leaves initiated
        
        optimized light
      - Convergent evolution
        
        5 independent origins
        
        liverwort gametophyte
        
        moss gametophyte
        
        lycophyte sporophyte
        
        monilophyte sporophyte
        
        spermatophyte sporophyte
      - Varied leaf development
        
        mitosis of a single cell
        
        liver wort
        
        moss
        
        moss mid vein celll
        
        microphyll
        
        lycophyte
        
        mitosis of 2 epidermal cells
        
        frond
        
        monilophyte
        
        mitosis of spinal cell
        
        shoot like development
        
        Euphylls
        
        seed plants
        
        pool of recruited cells
        
        from flanks
      - Enation theory
        
        lycophytes leaves
        
        vascular strands entered later
        
        fossils consistent
        
        Asterolylon
        
        living evidence
        
        selaginella draussiana
        
        2 epidermal cells grow
      - Zimmerman telome theory
        
        evolution of euphylls
        
        overtopping
        
        unequal branching
        
        plantation
        
        flattening of axes
        
        webbing
        
        develop thin tissue
        
        branches becomes veins
        
        webbing becomes mesophyll
    - - Chlorenchyma
        
        ground tissue
        
        specialized parenchyma
        
        contains chloroplasts
        
        main function is photosynthesis
      - Aerenchyma
        
        Ground tissue
        
        specialized parenchyma
        
        contains air spaces
        
        permit gas exchange
        
        large air pockets
      - Collenchyma
        
        ground tissue
        
        thickened primary cell walls
        
        flexible support
        
        sheath bundle
      - Vascular tissue
        
        xylem
        
        trachea's
        
        water transprort
        
        phloem
        
        sieve tube element/cells
        
        photosynthate transport
        
        companion cells/ albuminous cells
        
        in veins
      - epidermis
        
        dermal tissue
        
        epidermal cells
        
        guard cells
        
        often cutenized
        
        protecting internal tissues
    - - Lycophylls
        
        microphyll
        
        single vascular trace
        
        mesophyll
        
        epidermis
        
        stomata
      - Monocot leaf
        
        epidermis
        
        adaxial & abaxial
        
        covered by cuticle
        
        contains stomata
        
        bulliform cells
        
        helpful for rolling & unrolling
        
        mesophyll
        
        Veins
        
        surrounded by bundle sheaths
      - Eudicot leaf
        
        Epidermis
        
        dermal tissue
        
        epidermal cells
        
        guard cells
        
        cuticle
        
        upper & lower
        
        mesophyll
        
        palisade
        
        photosynthesis
        
        Veins
        
        bundle sheath cells
        
        Xylem on top of phloem