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KOREAN WAR 1950-1953 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Capitalist authoritarian regime (Syngman Rhee) backed by US and UN in the South
      - Communist authoritarian regime (Kim Il-Sung) backed by USSR in the North
      - Korea did not have a native government to take over after Japanese defeat
      - Ideological differences between USSR and USA -> people in South and North are different, no unity
      - Chinese Civil War and power shift in East Asia
    - - After the defeat of Japan extreme nationalistic ideas became mainstream
  - - - USSR and US withdrew troops, increased tension 1948-1949
        
        US Defensive perimeter (all countries US would defend from communist aggression) did not include South Korea
        
        Kim Il-Sung believed he could invade South Korea without US response to it
- - - - communistic, nationalistic,
    - - North Korea invades the South
        -> supplied and advised by the Soviet Union,
    - - Quickly became a dominant force in the North
    - - -
      - The groups were formed during Japanese invasion (1910-1945). They both advocated for Korean independence
      - Both claim to be the correct government of Korea
        
        fights over territorial claims
  - - - ROK (Republic of Korea) led by Syngman Rhee in 1945, formed during 1940's
  - - - https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/korean-war
        
        the coursebook
  - - - Two regional leaders emerged, Syngman Rhee and Kim Il Sung, and they ruled their regions independently by September 1948. Their conflict them emerged, as both wanted to reign the entire Korea by themselves.
- - - - Because of this he was able to ally with the US
    - - Campaigned for reunification of Korea afte 1945
        
        Used violent methods to secure his rule over South Korea
        
        In spite of his authoritarian policies, he failed to prevent the election of an opposition vice president, Chang Myŏn in 1956
        
        https://www.britannica.com/biography/Syngman-Rhee
        
        "Government claims that the March 1960 elections gave Rhee more than 90 percent of the popular vote (55 precent in 1956) provoked student led demonstrations against election fraud, resulting in heavy casualties and demands for Rhee's resignation." -Britannica
        
        Like Kim Il Sung, his rule was authoritarian
        
        Attempted to sabotage peace negotiations in 1953 with the hopes of the US reuniting Korea and leaving leadership to him. This attempt was unsuccesful.
  - - - Joined a communist youth movement in Manchuria
        
        Back in Korea he joined a communist-led guerrilla resistance against Japanese occupation
        
        Took control of North Korea after 1945, tried to unify the country
        
        His rule was authoritarian and a big personal cult developed around him as "The Great Leader"
        
        Lauched an invasion of South Korea in 1950, thereby igniting the Korean War https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kim-Il-Sung
    - - Back to Korea in 1930
        
        When he died in 1994, he was succeeded by his son Kim Jong-Il
        
        Now, Kim Jong-Il's son, Kim Jong-Un, is the leader of North Korea from 2011 onwards
    - - Also, led a Korean contingent in Soviet Union's Red Army, when the Soviet Union was occupied by Nazi Germany, and also Finland
- - - - After the outbreak of the war in June 1950, North Korea's leader Kim Il-sung and the Soviet Union’s Stalin urged China to intervene, but Mao was initially hesitant.
        When U.N. forces, led by the U.S., moved close to China’s border, China felt threatened.
        
        In October 1950, China sent around 300,000 soldiers to help North Korea.
        
        Chinese forces, led by General Peng Dehuai, launched a massive counteroffensive in late 1950 that drove U.N. forces back south, recapturing Pyongyang and pushing back below the 38th parallel.
        
        Chinese intervention led to a stalemate and prevented a quick UN victory.
        
        China’s involvement raised its status as a strong communist power.
        
        China's actions deterred further US expansion in Asia and demonstrated its willingness to defend its interests.
        
        The war created long-lasting tension between China and the U.S. But improved China's relations with USSR
    - - Britannica
      - Wikipedia
      - Bestdiplomats
  - - - The War breaks out in 1950, The US fears the spread of communism
        
        The United Nations approved a UN army made up of mainly american soldiers that is sent to Korea to fight the communist forces
        
        Truman never delared war through the Congress and rather worked via the UN military group, masked as a "taskforce" protecting the world from the spread of communism.
        
        The threat of communism spreading made Truman act even as the United States had not fully recovered from the Second World War and the damages it had gathered then.
        
        The US involvement was a clear message to the Soviet Union and the newly communist China, that the US would not allow any further spread of communism and that they would choose to fight agains communist uprisings.
        
        By mid-December of 1950, the US was crafting terms for a peace to end the Korean War.
        
        Peace negotiations started in June 1951 with a military armistice commission with US army officers and the Koreaan leaders.
        
        The actual Korean Armistice Agreement was signed by William K. Harrison and Mark W. Clark, who were both US army officials but represented the United Nations Command as a third party of the armistice.
    - - The US involvement set a tone for US-Soviet relations in the Cold War
      - The Truman Doctrine
- - - - China finally reacted after South Korea appelead to the UN for help. The UN intervened as a result of US persuasion since the USSR had boycotted the Security council.
        
        --> UN sending troops from 15 different countries, however US sent most of the troops(US general Douglas MacArthur)
        
        After 3 months (9/1950) UN/US forces started pushing the North Korean forces back to the 38th parallel
        
        The UN began moving towards the border between North Korea and China, which made the PCR feel threatened.
        
        First of October, US demanded full surrender of North Korea
        
        After two weeks, 14th of October, China made the decision to intervene
        
        1 more item...
    - - Pre intervention, Mao was reluctant to intervene due to the concern over US military presence and influence in East Asia.
        When China saw the threat of the US military coming near its border (Yalu River), it didn't take immediate action.
        
        Intervention (October 1950-July1951), October China decided to intervene by crossing the Yalu River with the CPVA.
        
        Escalation: Late October 1950: Chinese forces launched a surprise counterattack in against advancing UN troops, pushing them back from the Yalu River.
        
        By late November, China launched its Second Phase Offensive, In the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, Chinese forces encircled U.S. and UN troops, forcing them to withdraw from North Korea.