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Transport Systems in Living Things - Coggle Diagram
Transport Systems in Living Things
Osmosis
Higher surface area to volume ratio = faster rate of osmosis
Through a partially permeable membrane
Diffusion
Higher surface area to volume ratio = faster diffusion
Equilibrium = when both regions have equal concentration
Indicators show the diff. colours in acids and alkalis
Eg. bromothymol blue
Alkalis
Fat yellow noodles
Detergent
Yellow, no filling dumplings
Acids
Cirtus fruits (juice)
Grapefruit
Lemon
Blood orange
Lime
Orange
Organisms
Large multicellular
Low surface area to volume ratio
Not much surface area for substances to diffuse, but lots of cells inside that need the substances
Needs a transport system
If not...
Poisoned
by their own
metabolic waste
Die
from
starvation
Common features
Tubes/"vessels" that carry substances around
Exchange surfaces that are in close contact with cells
Small
Single-celled
Small multicellular
Essential substances and unwanted waste move hwere they need to by diffusion and osmosis
High surface area to volume ratio
Exchange of substances between the organism and its environment can happen across the cell membrane efficiently to meet its survival needs
Does not
require a transport system
Transport systems
Plant
Phloem
Transports sugar from the leaves to all parts of the plant in both upward and downward directions
Sugar is needed in growing parts of the plant
Excess sugar is converted to starch for storage at the storage organs
Xylem
Transports water and mineral salts from the roots to all parts of the plant in an upward direction only
Substances also move in and out of the plant by
diffusion
Plant leaves are the site for exchange of gases
Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere enters the leaves via diffusion through tiny openings called stomata (singular: stoma), following which it diffuses into the plant cells
Oxygen and water molecules diffuse out of the plant cells. Water evaporates to form water vapour, and together with the oxygen, they exit the leaves into the atmosphere via diffusion through the stomata
Diffusion
also occurs at the roots of a plant
There are numerous root hairs at the ends of young roots
A root hair is a long protrusion of a root hair cell
Soil contains water and mineral salts
Mineral salts in the solid state are too big to pass through cell membranes
When dissolved, mineral ions can diffuse across cell membranes
The root hair cells take in
water molecules
by
osmosis
, and
dissolved mineral salts
by
diffusion
Human
Circulatory
Blood (like pumped water)
Transport medium
Average human body has 5â„“
Is a fluid tissue (fluid with cells) consisting of...
platelets
red blood cells
white blood cells
plasma
Blood vessels (like water pipes)
Veins
Most veins carry
deoxygenated
blood from the rest of the body
towards
the heart
The blood which is rich in carbon dioxide is then pumped from the heart to the lungs to receive a fresh supply of oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
They carry blood with other metabolic waste products from the rest of the body
Capillaries
Smallest and most numerous
Close to the cells in the body
Capillary walls are one-cell thick to allow for quick diffusion of substances in and out of them
Allows exchange of substances from...
cells to blood
Eg. metabolic waste products like carbon dioxide, urea (something in urine), water molecules
blood to cells
Eg. digested food molecules, water, oxygen molecules
Arteries
Most arteries carry
oxygenated
blood
away
from the heart to the rest of the body
Carry blood rich in digested food molecules absorbed from the small intestine to the rest of the body
An artery branches into a network of capillaries/capillary bed which then unite to form a vein
Heart (like a water pump)
The adult human heart is located in the middle of the chest, slightly slanted towards the left side
The size of a fist - quite small
Incredibly strong muscles
If a major blood vessel near the heart is cut, blood can spurt up to 3m away!! (kinda gross 🤮)
Its muscular walls contract and relax to pump blood all around the body quickly and continuously
Resting heart rate of a healthy individual: 60-100 bpm
Factors like bio sex/gender and age affect this
Exercise increases the heart rate as the muscles require a quicker delivery of nutrients and oxygen to be used in respiration to release energy for muscular contraction
What happens when parts of the human transport system are not working well?
Drug abuse
A drug is a medicine or other chemical substance that has a phychological effect when eaten or otherwise introduced into the body
Medicinal drugs are prescribed in appropriate doses by doctors to treat illnesses
When drugs are used in a manner that harms one's health, it is termed as drug abuse
The human transport system can be disupted through smoking and other drug abuse
The chemicals found in tabacco products like cigarettes can severly damage the heart, lungs and blood vessels. Smoking not only harms oneself but also others due to the harmful effects of second-hand smoke. Smoking and other forms of drug abuse can also lead to a lifetime of addiction
Organ transplants
A medical procedure that is carried out to replace a damaged organ
During organ transplant, an organ is removed from the body of a person and is placed into the body of another person
Organ transplants can cause
ethical issues
. Where organ donation and allocation are concerned, one's values and beliefs will affect the descision-making process
The demand for organs is usually higher than the supply. Therefore, some countries have adopted an opt-out scheme for organ donation upon death to improve the supply of organs and to save more lives
In Singapore, all non-mentally disordered citizens and Permenant Residents above 21 years of age are required to donate their organs upon death of whatever cause unless they have opted out