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G8 Bio - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Glucose - monomer of glycogen
      - deoxyribose
      - ribose
      - fructose
      - galactose
    - - Animals energy - glycogen
      - Animals structural - chitin (insect shells)
      - Plants energy - starch
      - Plants structural - cellulose
    - - Sucrose = glucose + fructose
      - Lactose = glucose + galactose
      - Maltose = glucose + glucose
  - - - 1 Phosphate group
      - 1 pentose sugar (6-carbon)
      - 1 nitrogen base
    - - Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA double helix)
        
        Store, transmit, express hereditary information
      - Ribonucleic acid (RNA single strand)
        
        Determines the primary structure of proteins
      - Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
        
        Stores energy
    - - Adenine: A
      - Guanine: G
    - - Cytosine: C
      - Thymine: T
        
        Or Uracil: U (in RNA, instead of T)
  - - - Long term energy storage
      - Protection against heat loss (insulation)
      - Protection against physical shock (cushioning)
      - Protection against water loss
      - Chemical messengers (hormones)
      - Major component of cell and organelle membranes (phospholipids)
    - - Saturated fat: solid under room temperature - used by animals has more than one carbon double bonds
      - Unsaturated fat: liquid under room temperature - used by plants no double carbon bonds
      - E-shape
      - Monounsaturated fatty acid tails : at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid tail - not completely saturated (unsaturated) by hydrogens
      - You can convert an unsaturated fatty acid to a saturated fatty acid by adding hydrogens called hydrogenation
    - - Hydrophilic head outside + Hydrophobic tails in side
      - Two layers that made up the cell membrane
      - Phospho-glycerol head with 2 fatty acids tails - the third fatty acid of a fat is replaced by a phosphate group
    - - 4 fused rings = three 6 carbon and one 5 carbon ring
      - ex. cholesterol
    - - Long carbon chains
      - Solid at room temperature
      - Plants - cuticles / human ears / bee cones
      - Effective hydrophobic coatings
      - Fatty acids linked to alcohol
    - - Constructed of glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains - known as triglycerids
      - Energy storage - 1g of fat stores 2x as much energy as 1g of polysaccharide
      - Stored in adipose cells
  - - - Central carbon + amino group (-NH2) one on end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other hand
      - The portion of each amino acid that is different or unique is a side chain called the R-group - can be acidic, basic, polar, non-polar, and sometimes contains large ring structures
    - - Storage albumin (egg white)
      - Transport: hemoglobin (oxygen)
      - Regulatory: hormones
      - Movement: muscles
      - Structural: membranes, nails, hairs
      - Enzyme: cellular reactions
    - - Primary stage: amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains)
      - Secondary stage: 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds
        
        Alpha Helix
        
        Beta pleated sheet
      - Tertiary stage (functioning) / subunits: secondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides
      - Quaternary stage: composed of 2 or more "subunits" - globular in shape - form in aqueous environments
        
        Ex. Enzymes
- - - - Observation : The process of using the senses to ether different types of information
        
        Quantity: containing numbers and statistics
        
        Quality: related to descriptions, ex. color, size. etc.
      - Hypothesis: A scientific statement that is a possible explanation and solution to a problem or question
        A hypothesis must be both testable and measurable An educated guess
      - Controlled experiment: A procedure to test your hypothesis in an environment that creates no bias
        
        4 factors of a controlled experiment:
        
        Controlled group
        
        Created to compare if a change has occurred in one of the other experiments. Not exposed to independent variable
        
        Control variables (constants)
        
        Controlled variables: Conditions that remain the same in all trials of experiment
        
        Only 1 dependent variable
        
        Dependent variable: The variable that changes or responds because of the manipulated variable - the variable being measured / always on the y-axis
        
        Independent variables: the variables manipulated by scientists that have effects on the dependent variable
- - - - Two atoms share their electrons
      - Polarity: the unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond - leads to unequal distribution of charge in the molecule
        
        The oxygen end of the molecule is slightly negatively charged and the hydrogen end is slightly positively charged uneven distribution
      - Hydrogen bonds: the strongest attractions between the most polar molecules - common in biological systems - the bond from hydrogen atoms Bonds determine shape, and shape is very important in biology
        
        Covalent bond - within / inside the water molecule
        
        Hydrogen bond - between different water molecules not as strong as covalent or ionic bonds
    - - Increasing levels of complexity in a system can demonstrate novel properties not seen in the levels below them
      - Ex. Sodium [explosive metal] + Chlorine [toxic gas] = delicious table salt!
      - Unique properties because it is polar and it's resulting hydrogen bonds
    - - Cohesion: stick to water / stick together
        
        Surface tension
      - Adhesion: sticking to other things
      - Capillary action = cohesion + adhesion
      - Environmental significance: surface tension allows animals to hunt preys on water / capillary action allows water to go against gravity from plants' roots to leaves
    - - Water would absorb large amount of heat before raising
      - Environmental significance: coastal cities won't be hot / human body won't dry out or suffer from heat damage easily
    - - Solid water is less dense than liquid water
      - Because water has hydrogen bonds which stabilize upon freezing and keep water molecules further apart than in liquid water
      - Environmental significance: allow marine ecosystem to develop during winter
    - - Water comes close to this - because water's polarity attracts the molecules to allow them to spread out
    - - A water molecule can split to form hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide (-OH) ions
      - Acid < 7 more H+ ions than OH- ions
      - Neutral = 7 water
      - Basic >7 less H+ ions than OH- ions
      - Buffers: controlling pH is important for maintaining homeostasis organisms do this with the help of dissolved compounds called buffers - weak acids or bases which can react with strong acids or bases to prevent a sudden change in pH