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week 9 reading - Coggle Diagram
week 9 reading
Inequality and Health Outcomes
Health follows a social gradient: the lower the social position, the worse the health.
Disease rates are greater and life expectancies are shorter for those in more disadvantaged social circumstances.
The Role of Doctors and Healthcare Systems
Doctors and healthcare professionals are key advocates for addressing social determinants of health
Call to Action for Healthcare Professionals
Doctors should go beyond treating diseases and advocate for social change.
Healthcare professionals have a unique role in shaping public health policy and improving social determinants of health
Engage in community outreach, public health advocacy, and policy development to address health inequalities.
In addition to treating illness, traditional healthcare systems ought to place a high priority on preventative interventions that deal with the underlying causes of illness.
Global Health and Equity
The health gap is not only a local issue but a global challenge.
International health policies need to focus on reducing health disparities between and within countries.
Universal healthcare access and global health equity initiatives are vital for reducing the global health gap.
Social and Behavioral Sciences in Public Health
Role of Social and Behavioral Sciences in Public Health
It is essential to comprehend social structures and human behavior in order to improve public health outcomes.
To prevent disease and improve health, behavioral and social interventions are frequently used in public health projects.
Social and behavioral sciences examine how human behavior affects health.
Disciplines involved: Psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science, and economics.
Social Determinants of Health
economic
income
occupation
Role of Economic Inequality
Reducing economic inequality is critical to improving health outcomes.
Wealth disparities directly impact access to resources such as healthcare, education, and nutritious food.
Countries with greater income inequality tend to have worse health outcomes overall.
Social
education
social support
Early childhood development
environmental
access to healthcare
Intervention Strategies
behavioral and social interventions
Interventions are more effective when they are designed with particular groups and their distinct social circumstances in mind.
Health Disparities and Equity
Social and behavioral science highlights the importance of addressing health inequities.
In order to lessen gaps in health outcomes, public health professionals must concentrate on marginalized and vulnerable groups.
Behavioral Economics and Public Health
Public health policy can benefit from behavioral economics' insights into how people make decisions about their health based on perceived risks, incentives, and biases.
education policy changes
community engagement
Social cohesion, trust, and support networks are important for better health outcomes.
Community-Based Participatory Research
Using a direct community-based approach, health challenges are identified and remedies are put into action.
Public Health Campaigns and Social Marketing
Social marketing uses marketing concepts to positively impact health-related behaviors.
Mental health
Public health includes mental health as a major component, and behavioral and social sciences are useful in treating mental health issues.
It is crucial to lessen stigma, increase access to mental health services, and incorporate mental health into initiatives pertaining to public health.
Addressing Early Life Factors
Early childhood is a critical period for long-term health and development.
Investment in early childhood education and family support services can reduce inequalities later in life.
The first 1000 days (from conception to 2 years old) have a profound impact on physical, emotional, and cognitive health.
Role of Culture in Public Health
Culture shapes health behaviors and attitudes.
Important to tailor public health interventions to be culturally relevant and sensitive.
Addressing disparities requires understanding cultural norms and socioeconomic factors.
Behavioral Theories and Models
Health Belief Model
implies that health behaviors are influenced by people's perceptions of the advantages of taking action, obstacles to taking action, and beliefs about health issues.
Transtheoretical Model
outlines the steps involved in changing one's behavior: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.
Theory of Planned Behavior
highlights the influence of attitudes, perceived control, and subjective norms on behavioral intentions.
The Social Ecological Model (SEM)
Individual: Knowledge, attitudes, skills.
Interpersonal: Family, friends, social networks.
Organizational: Schools, workplaces.
Community: Relationships between organizations.
Public Policy: Government regulations and laws.
Social Cognitive Theory
Emphasizes observational learning, social experiences, and reciprocal determinism.