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Characteristics of Countries at Different Levels of Development - Coggle…
Characteristics of Countries at Different Levels of Development
Population Measures
Birth Rate:
Number of live births per 1,000 people per year.
Death Rate:
Number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.
Infant Mortality:
Number of infant deaths (under 1 year old) per 1,000 live births.
Net Migration:
Difference between immigrants and emigrants per 1,000 people.
Causes of Changes in Population Indicators
Birth Rate:
Influenced by education, healthcare, income, and cultural norms.
Death Rate:
Affected by healthcare quality, nutrition, and living conditions.
Infant Mortality:
Driven by healthcare access, maternal health, and economic conditions.
Net Migration:
Caused by economic opportunities, political stability, and quality of life in different countries.
Optimum Population
Definition:
The population level at which resources are used most efficiently to achieve the highest possible standard of living.
Overpopulation:
Population exceeds the capacity of resources, leading to lower living standards.
Underpopulation:
Population is too low to fully exploit available resources, leading to inefficiency.
Urbanization and Development
Urbanization:
The shift of population from rural to urban areas as countries industrialize and develop.
Changes with Development:
Higher levels of development typically lead to greater urbanization due to job opportunities and better living standards in cities.
Income Distribution
Measurement of Income Distribution:
Measured using income quintiles or deciles, which divide the population into equal segments based on income.
Gini Coefficient:
A numerical measure of income inequality ranging from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (maximum inequality).
Lorenz Curve:
A graphical representation of income inequality, showing the cumulative percentage of income earned by cumulative population segments.
Analysis:
The farther the Lorenz curve is from the line of equality, the higher the inequality.
Employment Composition
Primary Sector:
Involves extraction of raw materials (agriculture, mining). Dominates in less developed economies.
Secondary Sector:
Involves manufacturing and industrial activities. Grows in developing economies.
Tertiary Sector:
Involves services (education, healthcare, finance). Dominates in developed economies.
Trade Patterns at Different Levels of Development
Low-income Economies:
Reliant on exporting raw materials and agricultural products.
Middle-income Economies:
Export manufactured goods and services as industrialization progresses.
High-income Economies:
Focus on exporting high-value services and technology products.