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ANTIOXIDANTS, Toxicity, Formation, Toxicity, What they do, cardiomyopathy …

- - - - VITAMIN A
        
        RETINOIDS
        
        Toxicity
        
        Causes
        
        excessive intake
        
        Symptoms
        
        nausea
        
        vomiting
        
        headache
        
        dizziness
        
        blurred vision
        
        muscle pain
        
        Leads to
        
        Retinoid toxicity (hypervitaminosis A)
        
        liver damage
        
        hair loss
        
        skin issues
        
        fatigue
        
        osteoporosis
        
        liver/kidney damage
        
        Roles
        
        immune function
        
        cell growth
        
        vision health
        
        skin health
        
        antioxidant roles
        
        protects LDL from oxidation
        
        appeases free radicals
        
        Deficiency
        
        Causes
        
        inadequate dietary intake
        
        malabsorption
        
        zinc deficiency
        
        liver disorders
        
        Symptoms
        
        night blindness
        
        xerophthalmia
        
        delayed recovery from illness
        
        dry skin
        
        slow growth In children
        
        anemia
        
        Source
        
        animal-based
        
        fish
        
        eggs
        
        dairy products
        
        animal liver/liver oil
        
        CAROTENOIDS (beta carotene)
        
        Toxicity
        
        no known toxicity symptoms
        
        can cause hypocartenemia
        
        Deficiency
        
        Causes
        
        a diet low in fruits and vegetables
        
        Symptoms
        
        night blindness
        
        weakened immune response
        
        dry eyes
        
        Roles
        
        acts as an antioxidant
        
        fat soluble. protect cells from oxidative damage
        
        skin health
        
        providing protection against UV damage
        
        strengthen the immune system
        
        maintaining the integrity of skin and mucosal barriers
        
        converted into Vitamin A
        
        e.g., beta-carotene
        
        vision health
        
        Sources
        
        plant-based source
        
        colorful fruits and vegetables
        
        carrots
        
        sweet potatoes
        
        spinach
      - VITAMIN E
        
        Toxicity
        
        causes
        
        supplement usage: over 1.2g/day
        
        symptoms
        
        muscle weakness
        
        fatigue
        
        nausea
        
        diarrhea
        
        headaches
        
        Leads to
        
        hemorrhagic strokes
        
        impaired blood clotting abilities
        
        Deficiency
        
        hemolytic anemia: red blood cell membranes lose integrity
        
        preterm infants at greater risk as vitamin E is transferred within last few weeks of pregnancy
        
        muscle weakness and impaired coordination
        
        vision problems and immune dysfunction
        
        Roles
        
        Antioxidant roles
        
        Membrane Integrity
        
        Cell membrane: neutralizes free radicals by donating electron
        
        Protection for nuclear and mitochondrial membranes
        
        Ascorbic Acid can help regenerate active vitamin E
        
        Reduces platelet aggregation
        
        inhibits protein kinase C needed for aggregation. necessary for reproduction
        
        Sources
        
        vegetable oils sunflower oil
        
        nuts and seeds
        
        green vegetables
    - - VITAMIN C
        
        Roles
        
        acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals. electron donor
        
        production of collagen
        
        collagen helps maintain healthy blood vessels, bones, skin, cartilage, and wound healing
        
        enhances the function of immune cells
        
        helps the body absorb non-heme iron
        
        aids in the synthesis of neurotransmitters
        
        plays a role in brain function and mood regulation
        
        non-antioxidant roles
        
        enhances iron absorption
        
        keeps iron at reduced oxidized state Fe2+ to allow for greater absorption
        
        collegen synthesis
        
        vitamin C is needed to make collegen
        
        collagen found in connective tissue, skin, tendons, scar tissue, blood vessels, gum tissue
        
        Deficiency
        
        Those at risk
        
        alcoholics: especially when consuming nutrient poor diet
        
        smokers: vitamin C combats oxidants formed from cigarette usage
        
        burn patients: vitamin C is critical for wound repair
        
        Symptoms
        
        Weakness
        
        Fatigue
        
        Swollen gums
        
        Joint pain
        
        Poor wound healing
        
        Can lead to scurvy
        
        Sources
        
        Vegetables
        
        yams, broccoli, asparagus, swiss chard
        
        Fruit
        
        citrus fruits, tomatoes, potatoes
        
        fortified breakfast cereals
- - - - Superoxide Radical (O2), Hydroxyl Radical (OH), nitric oxide (NO)
    - - Ascorbic Acid
        
        Reduced form of vitamin C, donates hydrogen to balance free radical.
      - Dehydroascorbic acid
        
        oxidized form of ascorbic acid
- - - - cofactor for glutathione peroxidase enzyme
      - spares use of vitamin E by reducing the amount of free radicals that vitamin E need to neutralize
      - Aids thyroid function.
        Helps regulate BMR, body temperature, growth and development
    - - Keshan's disease
        
        joint pain
        
        causes
        
        peoples diet with foods grown in limited selenium rich soil
    - - animal
        
        liver, meats, poultry
        
        eggs
        
        fish, shellfish, seafood
        
        Milk
      - plant
        
        selenium rich soil
        
        grains and seeds
        
        fresh produce