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Biology, Main elements of this - Coggle Diagram

- - - - In theory, Eukaryotic cells come from prokaryotic cells
  - - - complex and made of different parts
        
        Have a nucleus, membrane bound organelles
      - Differnces of Plant versus animal cells
        
        Plant cells have chloroplast
        
        It makes it green and provides them additional energy using photosystesis
        
        Plants may have one central vacuole while animal cells may have little ones
        
        Plant cells also have cell walls for shape mantaining
    - - Not super complex, mostly simple
        
        No nucleus
        
        No nuucleus, membrane bound organells,
  - - - Semi-permiable
      - Selective of things that go in and out, this make the cell have homeostatis
      - Out of phosolipids bilayer
        
        The head polar hydrophilic
        
        The tail is non polar and hydrophobic
        
        Phosolipids also move around
      - Borders the whole cell
      - Cholesterol
        
        Fills in the negative space when needed
      - Proteins
        
        Integral proteins
        
        A lot to do with transport
        
        Peripheral proteins
    - - Jelly like material around all the organelles in both Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells
      - A similar thing is Cytosol
        
        Its the same thing but specifically around organells
    - - NOT membrane bound organelles
      - Makes protien
      - Can be attached to another organelle or free in the cytoplasm
    - - IN Eukaryotes carries DNA
      - Controls the cells activities
      - Has a nucleous
        
        Where ribosomes is produced
    - - Process molecules
      - Transports molecules
      - Rough(has ribosomes vs smooth (no ribosomes
        
        Smooth
        
        Detoxification
        
        Makes lipids (some)
        
        Rough:
        
        Protein producing and transporting sent through Vesicles
        
        Vesicles: like a small sac
        
        Lysosmes:powerful vesicles that have powerful enzyemes
        
        Break down old cell parts and fight pathogens
    - - ULTIMATE PACKAGING CENTER
        
        Recieves vesicles from the ER
        
        Sort whats get sent to the membrane to get rid of it
      - Has enzymes to modify molecules
    - - Powerplants
        
        Make ATP from Cellular respiration
  - - - This is due to the nature of the phosolipids
        
        The lipids have the head as hydrophilic and the tail as hydrophobic
    - - Active(energy required)
      - Passive(no energy required)
        
        Move from high to low concentration gradients (diffusion)
        
        Will move till each concentration is at a equal value
        
        Three types
        
        Facilitated diffusion(help of proteins
        
        Simple diffusion(molecules move from high to low through the semi permiable membrane)
        
        Osmosis (the movement of water from high to low concentration)
        
        Hypotonic: Solutions that have the lower volume of water in a way(Think about NOT les concentration but less volume because the other one had more solute)
        
        Hypertonic: Solutions that have the higher volume of water because of considering the solute NOT higher concentration
  - - - Mitosis
        
        Stages
        
        Interphase
        
        Smaller stages called check points
        
        G1
        
        S
        
        G2
        
        what they do
        
        Prophase
        
        Metaphase
        
        Telophase
        
        Cytokynesis
      - Meiosis
  - - - Glycosysis
        
        Anaerobic
      - Krebs Cycle
        
        Aerobic
      - Electron Transport Channel
      - Bonus step when there's a lack of oxygen: Fermentation
- - - - Function: Accelerate chemical reactions
        
        Reactions could still happen on their own
      - Two main parts: Active site and substrate
        
        They both fit together perfectly. Think the lock and key model )
        
        BUT they won't stay there forever. They are together with weak bonds. They can fit with each other because of induced fit.
        
        Induced Fit: When the active site changed its shape (the part where the substrate fits) to more easily bind with the substrate
        
        Can break down the substrate to make whats called a product
        
        Co factors and co enzymes can also help enzymes breakdown/ build up substrates to products
      - They are known as a catalyzt as they can be used over and over again
      - Denatured Enzymes
        
        When an enzyme gets out of its ideal conditions(ph level, temp, etc)
        
        The shape becomes distorted and loses the ability to bind with substrates. It also can't work anymore.
  - - - Fats are two ways
        
        Saturated with hydrogen
        
        Unsaturated has a lack of hydrogen bonds (because they double bonded)
  - - - Two monosaccharide= disaccharide
      - Or sugars like glucose (got from the respiratory system
- - - - Positive Feedback
        
        Less common but increases the interference outside conditions affecting your body. Like they amplify it.
        
        Example: In birth.
      - Negative Feedback
        
        Trying to decrease the effect outside stuff(like temp) would bring your body away from the ideal zone.
        
        Example: Your body likes 20 C(not true) but the cold makes it 15. You body would try to make it 20 by using more energy and having a exothermic(releasing heat) reaction.