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health, Self-Determination Theory, Strength Model of Self-Control,…

- - - - Some participants rewarded (money) for playing, others not reward
      - In a later play period, the time the [previously] rewarded participants spent playing SOMA was significantly less
    - - Children in 1 / 3 conditions
        
        Expected Reward
        
        Unexpected Reward
        
        No-Reward
      - Following week, children given free choice
      - Children in expected reward condition had decreasing intrinsic motivation relative to the other two groups
- - - - Need to be the director of one's own behaviour and actions
    - - The need to operate effectively and efficiently in one's environment
    - - The need for a sense of belonging and association with others
  - - - Lacking the Intention to Act
      - Results from not valuing an activity, not feeling competent to do it it, or not expecting it to yield a desired outcome
    - - Action performed to satisfy an external demand or reward
      - The type of motivation focused on by operant theorists
    - - Taking in a regulation but not fully accepting it as one's own
        
        Behaviours perfomed to avoid guilt or anxiety or to obtain ego enhancement
    - - Conscious valuing of behavioural goal, such that the action is accepted or owned as personally important
      - But the activity may not be pleasant in itself
    - - Identified regulations become fully assimilated into the self
      - They have been evaluated and brought into congruence with one's other values and needs
      - But still performed for outcomes separable to the inherent enjoyment of the activity
- - - - Dependent self-control task
        
        Hand submerged in water
        
        Don't think of white bear
        
        E-hunt task
      - Experimental group does depleting self-control task
    - - Meta-analysis suggests possible publication bias (Carter et al., 2015)
      - Multi-lab registered replication reported non-sig effect (Hagger et al., 2016), while other multi-lab replications have revealed non-zero but small (and variable) effects (Dang et al., 2021; Vohs et al., 2021)
- - - - Some may only want to change in the future but not now
      - Some may be very committed to the problem behaviour and have no intention to change
  - - - Ambivalence surrounding this can last a long time, leading to 'chronic contemplation' or behavioural procrastination'
  - - - Smokers must have 0 cigarettes, while alcoholics can be non-zero alcohol
- - - - Confederate dressed as either 'hippie' or 'straight' on campus
      - Donation given 67% of time when dressed similarly, and 50% of the time when dressed differently
  - - - Unusual vs popular names -- cv rating
    - - Buying to pleasure others as well as self
    - - Guests' fondness for hostess weighed twice as heavily in purchase decision as their regard for the product they bought
- - - - Participant + confederate offering no gesture
      - Participant + confederate offering gesture (coca-cola)
    - - Twice as many tickets sold in gesture condition
  - - - Allows for division of labour and resource exchange
      - Birthday presents, wedding gifts, favours
  - - - Students invited to guide juvenile delinquents around zoo for one day (as part of counselling program). 17% compliance
      - Other students asked same question, but beforehand were asked for a bigger request (committing time per week to the delinquents for two years). 50% compliance with zoo offer
      - “It is much more profitable for salespeople to present the expensive item first, not only because to fail to do so will lose the influence of the contrast principle; to fail to do so will also cause the principle to work actively against them.” (p. 13).
- - - - Physical activity increased (relative to alternative) when individuals led to believe that progress toward PA goal was lagging
- - - - Perceptions about susceptibility to, and severity of, an undesirable harm
  - - - Zperceivedefficacy - Zperceivedthreat
      - where Z refers to the standardised score
- - - - Fear appeals without efficacy statements will produce negative effects ie. backfire
  - - - No one supported this
  - - - Weak Hypothesis
        
        Fear appeals w/o efficacy statements will produce weaker (i.e., less positive or null) effects relative to fear appeals with efficacy statements
      - Strong Hypothesis
- - - - Likely outcome + value
      - Eg. “attending PUMP class will make me feel puffed and exhausted (unlikely/likely)” (probability); “Feeling puffed and exhausted is extremely good/bad” (value) = relative influence on attitude toward attending PUMP
  - - - Each belief is influential on subjective norms to the extent that the referent is signficant to you
      - E.g., “my wife thinks that I should attend PUMP class (unlikely/likely)” (normative belief); “I care what my wife thinks I should do” (not at all/very much)(significance) = relative influence on subjective norms toward attending PUMP
  - - - Each belief is influential on behavioural control to the extent that it is a powerful influence over behaviour
      - Eg., “I consider myself to be fit and strong (not at all/very much)” (control belief); “Being fit and strong is important for PUMP classes” (not at all/very much)(power) = relative influence on perceived behavioral control toward attending PUMP
  - - - What matters in the prediction of intention
        
        Attitudes
        
        Perceived behavioural control
        
        Subjective norms
        
        Large variation in intention prediction from subjective norms
  - - - Employment Status
      - Conscientiousness
      - Intention Stability
      - Intention Commitment
      - Low goal conflict
      - Affective attitude
      - Anticipated regret
      - Perceived behavioural control/self-efficacy
      - Identity
    - - If/then plans involving identifying relevant opportunities and obstacles for goal pursuit
      - “If (opportunity/obstacle) arises, then I will (respond this way).”
    - - Comparing current state or rate of progress against standard specified intention
    - - Self-control interventions
      - Automaticity approaches
      - Mindfulness interventions
      - Embodiment approaches
- - - - Measured by Implicit Associations Test (IAT)
- - - - e.g. exercise may vary as a function of weather
  - - - eg. Take medication after brushing teeth rather than in the middle of all of that
- - - - Defenses strengthened against later counter-attitudinal attacks that are not included in inoculation message