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CRIME AND DEVIANCE - FUNCTIONALISM (BOOKLET 1) - Coggle Diagram
CRIME AND DEVIANCE - FUNCTIONALISM (BOOKLET 1)
STRAIN THEORY
REACTIONS TO STRAIN
retreatism
- reject the means + goals, then try to escape them, and live on the edges of society. leads to crime
rebellion
- rejecting goals and means, but create new ones. could be criminal/ non-criminal
ritualism
- they can accept the means, but don't accept the goals - run by the bare minimum. usually doesn't lead to crime
innovation
- socially unapproved means are used to reach goals. usually leads to crime
conformity
- working to achieve the goals in socially acceptable means, usually doesn't lead to crime
EVALUATION
doesn't recognise social patterns of crime in aspects like gender, ethnicity, age
those who conform can also turn to crime - doesn't explain why
deterministic - some who face strain don't turn to crime
a consensus approach, assuming people generally accept goals, but others may find value in other things as well
LINKS
SUBCULTURAL
COHEN
failure in education, deprived living areas, and likeliness of unemployment/ poor job attainment leads to status frustration
the reaction to this is to go into subcultures that have values opposite to mainstream society, with a reversal of the accepted means in society
going into these subcultures means they can gain status through peers instead of society
cohen sees the outcomes of status frustration to be related to revenge, which is why they engage in non-utilitarian crimes for peer-group status
EVALUATION
explains w/c delinquency + non-utilitarian crime
assumes w/c see society's values as superior; delinquent values are a reaction to what they can't achieve |
MATZA
: delinquency non-commitment
MILLER
focal concerns
- central characteristics/ values
toughness and masculinity, smartness, autonomy and freedom, trouble, excitement and thrills
these are exaggerated in delinquent peer groups, which explains that people conform to lower w/c subcultures
CLOWARD AND OHLIN
TYPES OF SUBCULTURES
criminal
- utilitarian crimes. stable w/c areas where there are established patterns of crime, providing a career structure as alternative for legitimate career
conflict
- presence of anomie, lack of social cohesion. highlighted by violence, gang warfare, street crime. blocked opportunities, and status is obtained through peer-group values
retreatist
- 'double failures' (failing in mainstream society + in crime). most likely to be drug addicts, alcoholics
EVALUATION
insights into why w/c delinquency has different forms
differences are exaggerated - there are overlaps between subcultures (utilitarian crime is a feature in all)
LINKS
EVALUATION
deterministic
only explains w/c delinquency, not m/c crimes
rely on patterns in official statistics, but these aren't valid, so might be a disproportioned representation
SOCIAL BOND/ CONTROL THEORY
BONDS
BELIEF
- shared moral beliefs
COMMITMENT
- committed to things like education, work, family. don't want to put any of these at risk, so conform
INVOLVEMENT
- busy with social/ cultural/ religious clubs. no time/ opportunity for crime
ATTACHMENT
- friends, family, community. a sensitive connection, so act in interest of their needs/ wishes
PRISON REFORM TRUST ARTICLE
EVALUATION
not all with weak social bonds turn to crime (deterministic)
those with strong social bonds can still commit crime
doesn't address social class, ethnicity, gender, age
LINKS
DURKHEIM - ANOMIE
POSITIVE FUNCTIONS OF CRIME
strengthening collective values
- crime acts as a reminder, strengthening community unity
social change
- new ideas as a reaction to crime allow society to progress through a positive response
safety valve
- letting off steam, so people can de-stress and remain functional
warning device
- highlighting social problems that need addressing
ANOMIE
a result of lessened importance of society's norms + values, leading to chaos
collective conscious can prevent anomie; a firm set of values - crime only acts as a reminder, which reinforces collective conscious
EVALUATION
difficult to measure the 'optimal amount'
social change or nullification - dependent on circumstance
LINKS