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Theories of Learning, : - Coggle Diagram
Theories of Learning
Behavioral Theories - these theories focus on observable behvaiors rather than internal mental states and provide frameworks for understanding how behaviors are acquired, maintained, and changed
Connectionism - it is a learning theory that presents learning as the result if a connection between a stimulus and a response.
THREE LAWS OF LEARNING
Law of Effect - an individual's response to a specific situation followed by a reward will eventually make those responses stronger
Law of Readiness - A series or a set of responses can be linked together in order to achieve a goal.
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Operant Conditioning - also called instrumental conditioning or Skinnerian conditioning, is a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior.
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Classical Conditioning - refers how organism's learn through associations and has applications in various fields, including psychology, education, and behavior therapy.
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In Pavlov's famous experiment, he demonstrated this process by ringing a bell (neatural stimulus) before presenting food (Unconditioned stimulus) to dogs
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Unconditioned Stimulus - a stimulus that naturally (no learning involved) causes a particular response
Stimulus - an event, sensation, or experience that causes you to react
Olfactory Stiimulus - you smell something, you react
Gustatory Stimulus - you taste something, you react
Auditory Stimulus - you hear something, you react
Kinesthetic Stimulus - you feel something, you react.
Visual Stimulus - you see something, you react
Stimulus Generalization - after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus may produce the same response. The greater the similarity between two stimuli, the greater the likelihood stimulus Generalization occur.
Extinction - when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.
Spotaneous Recovery - after a Conditioned responses becomes ''extinct'', the response can sometimes reemerge after a period of time has passed wit no further conditioning.
Social Learning - emphasizes that people can learn new behaviors by observing others,
Mediational Processes - individuals do not automatically observe the behavior of a model and imitate it. There is some thought prior to imitation, and this consideration is called the meditational process.
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Nine Levels of Learning by Roberts Gagne - consists of nine steps instruction. According to this theory, adhering to the step-by-step approach can help managers, trainers, and facilitators to structure their training so that their students or teams get the most from their learning opportunities
- Gaining Attention (Reception) - capture the learners attention to make them ready to learn. This can be achieved through a surprising fact, an interesting question, or a relevant video clip.
- Prior Learning (Retrieval) - connect new information to what learners already know. This could involve reviewing previous content or asking learners to recall relevant experiences.
- Presenting Stimulus (Selective Perception) - deliver the new material in a clear and organized manner. This might involve lectures, demonstrations, or multimedia presentations.
- Providing Learning Guidance (Semantic Encoding) - offer support to help learners understand and apply the new information. This could include examples, hints, or explanations.
- Eliciting Performance (Responding) - Give learners the opportunity to practice and apply what they have learned. This could involve xercises, quizzes, or other activities that encourage active participation
- Providing Feedback (Reinforcement) - offer constructive feedback on learners' perfromance. This helps them understand what they did well and where they need improvement.
- Assessing Performance (Retrieval) - evaluate learners have achieved the instructional objectives. This could be through tests, practical demonstrations, or other assessment methods
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Cognitive Theories - focus on understanding how people, acquire, process, amd store knowledge store knowledge. They emphasizes metal processes and the ways in which learners actively construct their understanding.
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Insight Learning Theory - Wolfgang Kohler - it is a type of learning or problem solving all-of-a-sudden through understanding the relationships of various parts of a problem rather than trial and error.
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Aside from Kohler, the theory of insight Learning was developed and supported by other Gestalt psychologists, like Max Werthelmer and Kurt Kofka. They laid the foundation for understanding insight as cognitive process involving sudden, and clear understanding.
Gestalt psychology focuses on how people perceive and interpret complex stimuli and experiences as unified, organized wholes.
Reception Learning Theory - David Paul Ausuebel - the theory suggests that learning occurs most effectively when new information is presented in a structured manner that is compatible with learners' existing cognitive frameworks.
Reception Learning Theory utilizes advance organizers to help learners relate new content to what they already know
Advance organizers - are instructional tools used to introduced and outline new content before it is taught. They serve as a cognitive framework to help learners integrate and understand new information by connecting it to their existing knowledge.
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Narrative organizers - use storytelling or a structured narrative to introduce new content and help learners relate it to their existing knowledge.
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Skimming for information organizers - are tools or strategies designed to help learners quickly locate and understand key information within a text or a set of materials.
Nonligustic representation organizers - are tools or strategies that use visual, spatial,or other nonverbal methods to represent information, concepts, or relationships.
DIscovery Learning Theory - Jerome Bruner - conceptualized by Bruner, is an edational approach that emphasizes active engagement and Exploration by learners to construct their own understanding and knowledge.
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Scaffolding - Lev Vygotsky - it refers to the support and guidance provided by more knowledgeable others to help learners achieve a higher level of understanding or skill than they could independently.
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Constructivism - Jean Piaget - it is a foundational theory in developmental psychology and education that explains individuals ac tively construct their understanding of the world through interactions with their environment and experiences
Information Processing Theory - this theory recognizes the ability for a person to control what information is being processed and the changes and developments of these abilities
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COMPONENTS OF IPT
Sensory Memory - the initial stage where sensory information is briefly held in its raw form; occurs in a short time. typically milliseconds to a few seconds
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Long-term Memory - where information is stored for extended periods, ranging from hours to a lifetime.
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Constructivist Theories - Dewey - particularly in the context of learning and knowledge acquisition, suggest that people actively construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through experiences and reflecting on those experiences. Instead of passively absorbing information, learners build meaning based on prior knowledge, context, and interactions with the environment.
Cognitive Constructivism (Piaget) - it is learner-centered approach that highlights the importance of making-meaning in learning. It fosters critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
1. Cognitive Development - learners occurs in stages, as proposed by Piaget. Each stage reflects a different way of thinking, and learners move through these stages as they mature.
2. Schema and Assimilation/Accomodation - learners use existing mental frameworks (schemas) to understand new information.
3. Active Learning - learners are not passive recipients of information, they actively construct knowledge by engaging with the material, asking questions and solving problems.
4. Contextual Learning - knowledge is often best understood in context. Real world applications and experiences can make learning more meaningful and memorable.
Social Constructivism - Vygotsky - a theory learning that emphasizes the role of social interactions and cultural context in the construction of knowledge.
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The Constructivist theory has several key proponents, who collectively shaped the understanding of constructivism, influencing educational practices that prioritize actice, collaborative, and context-based learning.
Jean Piaget - worked on cognitive development in which learners actively construct knowledge through stages, focusing on individual cognitive processes.
Lev Vygotsky - emphasizes the social aspects of learning and introduced concepts of Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) highlighting the importance of social interaction and cultural context in knowledge construction
Jerome Bruner advocated for discovery learning and the idea that education should facilitate the construction of meaning through active exploration and problem-solving
Seymour Papert - mathematician and scientist known for his work in educational technology and constructivism. He emphasize hands-on, experiential learning, particularly through programming and robotics.
Humanist Theories -it is an educational approach that emphasizes personal growth, self-actualization, and development of a person.
Abraham Maslow - is known as one of the influential persons OF HLT who considered the learners' hierarchy of needs. He emphasized the importance of self-actualization and personal growth in learning.
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Carl Rogers was an American Psychologist who is known for his humanistic approach to psychology and his influential work on personality theory. He believed that human beings have an innate tendency towards self-actualization, which is the process of realizing their full potential as individuals
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Self-Determination Theory -developed by Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan, is a psychological framework that focuses on human motivation and personality development.
SELF -DETERMINATION THEORY (DECI AND RYAN, 2017)
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Connectivism - developed by George Siemens and Stephen Downes is a learning theory that emphasizes the role of social and technological networks in the learning process.
George Siemens is a Canadian educator, researcher, and theorist best known for his work in the field of online learning and connectivism
Stephen Downes is a Canadian educator, researcher, and a prominent figure in the field of online learning and digital education.
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