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Permanent Revolution the nineteenth century, There is a calculated rhythm…

- - - - Claude Monet, 1840-1926
        
        It was Monet who urgerd his friends to abandon the studio altogether and never paint a single stroke except in front of the motif
        
        Monets idea that all painting of nature must actually be finished 'on the spot' not only demanded a change of habits and a disregard of comfort, it was bound to result in new technical methods La gare st Lazare in Paris Monet 1877
        
        Monet is not interested in the railway station as a place where human beings meet or take - leave. he is fascinated by the *effect of light tstreaming through the glass roof on to the clouds of steam, and by the forms of engines and carriages emerging from the consuion
        
        Claude monet, la promenade 1875
        Monet painted several groupings of paintings we refer to as "Series"
        series of:
        
        Poplars 1890
        
        Haystracks
        
        Houses of Parliament
        
        Cathedral of Rouan
        
        Water Lilies Series
        
        The painters of this young group of Impressionists applied their new principles not only to landscape painting but to any scene of real life
        
        Pierre Auguste Renoir 1841-1919
        
        Like Monet, Renoir was a founder and leading artist of the impressionist movement
        
        he is oft celebrated for depicting female sensuality and his ability to paint in several styles and schools proficiently
        
        Bal du moulin de la galette
        
        He has an eye for the behaviour of the gay crowd
        
        he is enchanted by festive beauty
        
        He wants to conure up the gay medly of bright colours and to study the effect of sunlight on the whirling throng
        
        Auguste Renoir La Yole, 1879
        
        One of the oldest most methodocial champions of the movement Camille Pisarro 1830-1903
        
        Characteristics of impressionism
        
        effects of light
        
        techniques -- technique of painting -- new type = thick application of paint = inpasto, and not blending,
        
        Plein-Air Painting = refined impressionist art
        
        to paint outdoors
        
        interest in different types of subject matter
        
        focus on everyday, ordinary subject settings
        
        opposition to the academia stylized, heroic & historical preferences
        
        an attempt to reproduce human vision
        
        Pain application
        
        small, thin, tangible brush strokes
        bright or pastel individual colours
        
        de-emphasis of sharp borders, lines and contours
        
        avoid black
        
        Composition:
        
        open compositions, leading eye off the page
        
        unusual visual angles and at times locations
        
        Capture of fleeting moments
        
        Sufrace/ diffused light as it appeared; unstructured and non-formulaic
        
        attempts to portray changing illumination; atmosphere and passage of time
        
        inclusion of representation of movement; blurring, obscuriation, transluecence
        
        Predecessors of impressionisme
        
        John Baptiste Corot 1796-1875
        
        the 'grandfather' o fhe impressionists
        
        Many of the original impressionists recognised his crucial influence:
        
        l'alle Verte J.B. Corot
        
        **Paysage D'automne Près, Avec Duex Personnages J.B.Corot
        
        William Turner
        
        William Turner, Steamer in Snowstorm 1842
        
        William Turner, The Harbour of Brest; The quayside and Chateau 1826-28
        
        Japonisme
        
        Japnosime was influential to Impressionism
        
        t took some time beforet he public learned that to appreiiate an Impressionist painting one has to step back a few yards, Iand enjoy the miracle of seeing these puzzling patches suddenly fall into place and come to life before our eyes
        
        to achieve this mircale and to transfer the actual visiual experience of the painter to the beholder was the true aim of the Impressionists
        
        The art of Japanese had convinced them (later on) that a picture could make a much stronger impression if modelling and other details were sacrificed to bold simplification
        
        First Ally
        
        The secondally which the Impressionists found in their adventurous quest for new motifs and new colour schemes was the Japanese colourprint
        
        woodblock prints kitagawa utamaro
        
        Edouard Manet 1832-1883
        
        Even Manets first paintings in which he abandoned the traditional method of shading in favour of strong and harsh contrasts caused an outcry among the conservative artists
        
        in his later years is influenced by impressionism
        
        La Partie de croquet 1873
        lithographs - a method of reproduce made directly on stone, which had been invented early in the
        nineteenth century.ng drawings
        
        **claude moment preigent
        
        Berthe Morisot 1841-1895
        
        started traditional and is later influenced by impressionism
        
        married to Manet's brother
        
        Berthe Morisot The water's edge, 1864
        
        Morisot Manet on the isle of wight 1875
        
        Mary Cassatt 1844-1926
        
        American goes to Paris
        
        Befriended Edgar Degas = impressionist
        
        Mary Casatt, in the Loge, 1878
        
        Paul Cézanne
        
        To move the art work is said to have formed the bridge between late 19th-century romanticism moved through impressionism and into the early 20th century's new line of artistic enquires, past post-impressionism and including cubism
        
        Cezanne, Spring, 1860
        Cezanne, lac d'annecy 1896
        Mont Sainte-Victoire seen from less lauves 1902-1906
        
        geomatrical shapes
        
        lots of times is also represent is the same subject matter from different view points
        
        This has an impact on art - Cubism
        
        Cubism
        
        Georges Braque La guitarre 1909-10
- - - - THe accademia di San Luca Rome
        
        Take care of the large numbers of young artists
        
        Exchanging of points of view between students
        
        Impose a professional hierarchy and be socially recognized as artist --> the artist will be seen as intellectual person and not only as a craftsman
        
        Distinguish themselves from the ol university associations
        
        regulate artisitc developments of this time
        
        to elevate art to be more than craft
        
        distinguish themsleves from the old university associations
        
        achieve a universal style; encouringing the study of different stylistic models
        
        Salon Subject matters
        1. Historical painting mythological biblical -
        
        Jacques louis david- oath of the horatti 1784
        
        2. landscape
        
        John Constable - the Haywain 1821
        
        2. still lives
        3. Portraiture
        
        Sir joshua Reynold, Sarah Campbell 1771
        
        Genre painting - everyday life
        
        Idealising and moralising
        
        Jean batistte Simeon Chardin saying grace le benedict 1740
        
        Dominant figures in the Salonns
        England
        
        Sir Joshuas Reynolds
        
        France
        
        Jacques louis David
      - Break with the salon system
        Realism
        the painter who gave a name to this movement:
        was Gustave Courbet (1819—77)
        
        he opened a one-man show in a shack in Paris in the year 1855 he called it; Le Réalisme, G. Courbert
        
        his realism was to mark a revolution in art
        
        Gustave Courbert, The stonebreakers 1849
        
        pioneering a type of art which is now called realism
        
        did not try to romanticise or have moralising message
        
        interested in the quality of the paint
        
        bonjour monsieur courbert, 1854
        
        He wanted in his pictures to be a protest
        against the accepted conventions of his day, to ‘shock the bourgeois’ out of his complacency, and to proclaim the value of uncompromising artistic
        sincerity as against the deft handling of traditional cliches
        
        Salon des Refusés 1863
        
        in 1863 the jury rejected 2/3 of the paintings submitted to be displayed in the Salon
        
        the rejected artists and friends protested and this reached the emperor Napoleon III
        
        He allowed the rejected paintings to be displayed in another part of the Palace of Industry
        
        Edouard Manet, olympia 1863
        
        She is a nude but is depicted as an every day woman and depicted as a prostitute
        
        Edouard Maent dejeuenr sur l'hebe luncheon on the gras 1863
        
        was rejected
        
        nudity = not an idealised, she is normal woman and not a godess or another mythological figure
        
        she is represented naked in the company of the two men in everyday atire