ATP and respiration: ATP, respiration, energy-requiring processes.

Prokaryotic cell features: key structural features, prokaryotic cell, bacterium.

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: structure, prokaryotic cell, bacterium, eukaryotic cells, plant cells, animal cells.

Describe and interpret images: photomicrographs, electron micrographs, drawings, plant cells, animal cells.

Viruses structure: viruses, non-cellular structures, nucleic acid core, DNA, RNA, capsid, protein, envelope, phospholipids.

Recognise organelles: organelles, cell structures, eukaryotic cells, structures, functions.

Drawing cells: draw cells, microscope slides, photomicrographs

Calculating magnification: magnification, actual size, drawings, photomicrographs, electron micrographs, scanning, transmission

α-glucose & β-glucose: Describe and draw the ring structures of α-glucose and β-glucose.

Monomer, Polymer, Macromolecule: Define monomer, polymer, macromolecule, and differentiate between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Reducing Sugars: State that glucose, fructose, and maltose are reducing sugars, while sucrose is a non-reducing sugar.

Glycosidic Bond Formation: Explain the formation of glycosidic bonds through condensation, with examples like sucrose and polysaccharides.

Glycosidic Bond Breakage: Describe how glycosidic bonds are broken by hydrolysis in disaccharides and polysaccharides, referring to the non-reducing sugar test.

Triglycerides: State that triglycerides are non-polar, hydrophobic molecules made from fatty acids and glycerol, formed by ester bonds.

Amino Acid & Peptide Bond: General structure of amino acids, formation and breakage of peptide bonds.

Protein Structure Levels: Define primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins.

Globular & Fibrous Proteins: Globular proteins are soluble with physiological roles, while fibrous proteins are insoluble with structural roles.

Haemoglobin Structure: Describe haemoglobin's quaternary structure as a globular protein.

Haemoglobin Function: Relate haemoglobin's structure to its function, highlighting the role of iron in the haem group.

Semi-quantitative Benedict's Test: Perform a semi-quantitative Benedict's test to estimate sugar concentration by standardizing the test and observing time or color change.

Biochemical Tests: Benedict's test for reducing sugars, iodine test for starch, emulsion test for lipids, and biuret test for proteins.