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Marisol Matias Period: 5 Integumentary System - Coggle Diagram
Marisol Matias Period: 5 Integumentary System
Major functions of the skin
Body temperature regulations
Sweat glands produce about 500 ml/day of unnoticeable sweat. Produces 12 L (3 gal) whenever temperature rises; it is designed to cool the body. Dermal blood vessels constrict.
Protection
Chemical barrier
The chemical barrier is where the skin secretes many chemicals, like sweat, sebum, and cells. The acid mantle requires the low pH of skin to retard bacterial multiplication
Physical barrier
Consists of flat, dead, keratinized cells of the stratum corneum. It is surrounded by glycolipids, blocking most water and water soluble.
Biological barrier
The epidermis contains phagocytes. The dendritic cells of the epidermis engulf invaders. The dermis contains macrophages and the DNA can observe harmful UV radiation.
Cutaneous sensations
Is part of the nervous system. Exteroreceptors respond to stimuli outside body; temp & touch. Free nerve endings sense painful stimuli.
Metabolic functions
The skin synthesizes vitamin D need for calcium in intestines. Chemicals from keratinocytes can disarm carcinogens. The keratinocytes can activate some hormones.
Blood reservoir
Skin can hold up to 5% of body's total blood volume. Skin vessels can be constricted to shunt blood to other organs (exercising muscle).
Excretion of wastes
Can secrete limited amounts of nitrogenous wastes like ammonia, urea, and uric acid. Sweating causes salt and water loss.
Layers of the skin
Epidermis
Stratum Corneum
Also knows as the horny layer. it is 3 quarters of epidermal thickness. it protects deeper cells, protects from abrasion and penetration, prevents water loss, and Acts as a barrier against biological, chemical, and physical assaults.
Stratum Lucidum
Is found only in thick skin. It is thin and translucent band of 2-3 rows of flat, dead keratinocytes.
Stratum Granulosum
is 4-6 cells tick. The layer is flattened and thin. The cell appearance change, and keratinization begins and slows water loss. The cells above the layer die.
Stratum Spinosum
Is several layers thick. Keratinocytes appear spikey called "prickle cells"
Stratum Basale
is the most deepest layer in the epidermis. It is firmly attached to dermis, and it is a single row of cells that actively divide. 10-25% of the layer is composed of melanocytes.
Dermis
Is the middle layer of the skin. It is strong and flexible connective tissue. It contains 2 layers. Papillary and reticular.
Collagen
provides strength and structure
Elastic
Provides strength and elasicity
Nerves
respond to pain, temperature variation, and touch
Hair follicle
This is where the hair growth occurs, skin regeneration and wound healing
Blood vessels
provide nutrients to the skin and regulate the body temperature.
Arrector pili
This muscle is responsible for the "goosebumps"
Sebaceous glands
Widely distributed, except for thick skin like the palms and soles. It developed from hair follicles and secrete into hair follicles. It remain inactive until puberty. It secretes sebum (oil)
Sweat glands
The
Eccrine Sweat Gland
helps with thermoregulation and there is plenty on the palms, soles, and forehead. It secretes sweat. The
Apocrine Sweat Gland
secretes milky/yellowish sweat cintaning fatty substances and proteins. There is plenty on the axillary and anogential areas. It starts functioning at puberty.
Hypodermis
Is the most deepest layer of the skin. It is mostly adipose tissue that absorbs shock and insulates. It anchors skin to underlying structures; mostly muscle tissue.
Accessory organs
Hair:
Consists of the hair shaft, which is the hair that can be visually seen on the skin. The hair follicle extends from the epidermal to the dermis. There are three parts to the hair shaft. These are: the cortex, medulla, and the cuticle. The medulla is the central core of large cells, the cortex has several layers of flattened cells surrounding the medulla, and the cuticle isthe outer layer overlapping layers of single cells.
Nails:
The nails are a protective cover for the distal and dorsal surface of the fingers & toes. The nails consist of the nail bed, where the epidermis is underneath the nail plate. The nail matrix Is a ticketed portion of the bed and allows growth. The nail folds are the folds that overlap the nail border. The eponychium is the cuticle, and the lunule is the thickened nail matrix (the white half moon shape part). Abnormal nail color may indicate a disease.
Sweat glands:
The
Eccrine Sweat Gland
helps with thermoregulation and there is plenty on the palms, soles, and forehead. It secretes sweat. The
Apocrine Sweat Gland
secretes milky/yellowish sweat cintaning fatty substances and proteins. There is plenty on the axillary and anogential areas. It starts functioning at puberty.
Sebaceous Glands
Widely distributed, except for thick skin like the palms and soles. It developed from hair follicles and secrete into hair follicles. It remain inactive until puberty. It secretes sebum (oil)
Degree and Rule of Nines
1st degree burn:
This burn causes epidermal damage only. It leaves redness, edema (swelling), and pain.
2nd degree burn:
This burn causes epidermal and dermal damage. Blisters tend to appear.
3rd degree burn:
The entire skin involed (epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis). Skin turns gray-white, cherry red, or can be blackened. No swelling can be seen. The area is not painful and skin grafting may be required.
Rule of Nines
this rule is used to determine the severity of a burn. It is broken down into 11 sections.
Other disorders
Pallor
Pale color or blanching. Can be due to anemia, fear, anger, or low blood pressure
Jaundice
A yellow cast. Can indicate liver disorders.
Cyanosis
Blue skin color; low deoxygenation of hemoglobin (red blood cells)
Erthyma
Redness. can result in fever, inflammation, allergy, or hypertension
Alopecia
Hair thinning in both genders after age 40.
True (Frank) baldness
Baldness. Genetically determined. Male pattern baldness: follicular response to DHT
Psoriasis
Skin inflammation caused by autoimmune disease. Its symptoms are red flaky skin, itchy skin, raised and scaly skin. It can be treated by ointments, moisturizers, antibiotics.
Staph infections
A bacterial infection by staphylococcus. Its symptoms are: boils, impetigo, cellulitis. It can be treated by antibiotics, wound drainage, or surgical removal.
Chicken pox
A viral infection that causes blistering. Its symptoms are rashes, blisters, fever. Can be treated by moisturizers, antiviral medication, hydrocortisone creams
Fungal infections
A collection of diseases causes by fungi. Its symptoms are itchy rash, blisters, discoloration, white scaly skin. It can be treated by anti-fungal medication, creams & ointments.
Skin cancer & ABCD rule
Skin cancer
There are 3 major types of skin cancer
1.
Basal cell cacinoma
It is the least malignant but most common. it invades the epidermis and the dermis. Can be cured by surgical excision 99% of cases.
#2 Squamous cell carcinoma
is the second most common. It leaves scaly reddened pupule on scalp, ears, lower lip, or hands.
#3 Melanoma
is the most dangerous type, highly metastatic. It is treated by wide surgical excision, along with immunotherapy
ABCD rule
A
KEY
to survival.
A
is asymmetry. 2 sides of pigment don't match.
B
Border irregularity; exhibits indentations.
C
Color.
D
Diameter; larger than 6mm