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Chapters 1-4 - Coggle Diagram
Chapters 1-4
Chapter 3
Ecology Introduction
example: Emperor Penguin (A. forsteri)
Adapted to surviv harsh cold
Out of any bird, breed in coldest environments
Biome
Tundra
definition: Biomes are also a major category of ecological hierarchy
Required
Food source and area for reproduction - Niche
Spend most of the year in breeding grounds (habitat)
Ecology
Definition: Study of distribution and abundance of organisms and processes that influence this, their interactions, and their environment
"Biotic and Abiotic factors"
Conditions
Variable but not consumed or used up
Temperature
Sunlight
PH
Resources consumable or can be used up
Water
Gas
Nutrients
Vegetation
Available habitat
Every species has an optimal range, zone of stress, and limits of tolerance for abiotic factors
Ecology Hierarchy
Taxonomic
Classification:
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Aves
Order
Sphenisciformes
Family
Spheniscidae
Genus
Aptenodytes
Species
forsteri
Classifies organisms by 8 levels of taxa (categories)
Each name level is more
specific
Helps distinguish between closely related species
Diamond Back Rattle Snake
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chlotez
Skeletal rod
Class
Reptilia
Reptile
Order
Crataus
Genes
Atrox
Species
Horridus
(Crotalus Atrox)
C. Atrox
Species
Definition: group of individuals that share
certain characteristics
Distinct from other species
Cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Population
Definition: make up reproducing group
Biotic Community (Biota)
Definition: groups of populations
in natural area
Biotic Factors: Include vegetation, animals,
microbes, etc
Abiotic Factors: non-living environmental factors
System
Definition: consists of components that interact to
produce patterns of behavior over period of time
“Whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
Ecosystem
Definition: interactive communities and abiotic
environment affecting them
Terrestrial vs. aquatic
Made up of many systems
Ecotone
Definition: transitional region between ecosystems
– Species and characteristics of both ecosystems
Yellowstone wolves' video:
Wolves were reintroduced 70 years ago
Over population of deer
The forest grew back quickly
Other animals began to move in
Ecological Hierarchy
Biomes
Definition: large area with same climate and similar
vegetation
Landscape
Definition: clusters of ecosystems that
interact
Biosphere
Definition: system of all living things (Earth)
Environmental Factors
Factors that limit growth - limiting factors
Known as Law of limiting factors
Liebig's law of the minimum
Stress and limited growth caused by organisms
Synergistic efforts
Two or more factors interacting cause much greater effect than two acting separately
Habitat vs. Niche
Habitat
Definition: Area particular species is adapted to live in
Niche
Definition: Sum of all conditions and resources under which species can live
Adaptions
Definition: Ecological or evolutionary change in structure or function of an organism that allows them to adjust better to the environment
Matter
Definition: Anything that occupies space and has mass
Made up of
Atoms
Elements
Molecules
O2
H2O
Compounds
H2O
Environmental Spheres
Biosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Lithosphere
Pedosphere
Atmosphere
Definition: Air is a mixture of pure substances, comprised mostly of
Gas
Nitrogen (N2)
Oxygen (O2)
Hydrogen (H2)
Atmospheric Composition
78.1%
20.9%
Hydrosphere
Water (H2O) - -unique properties
Has polar charge: Electrons spend more time near Oxygen than Hydrogen
Adhesion: water molecules attracted to solid surfaces\
Cohesion: water molecules attracted to each other
Lithosphere
Types of rocks
Igneous: Made primarily minerals formed from magma or extruded lava
Sedimentary
Made of primary/ secondary minerals deposited in oceans, lakes, rivers, wind
Metamorphic
Formed from other rocks under heat or pressure
Minerals
Naturally occurring solids synthesized through geological processes
Primary - original crystallization product formed in host rock
Secondary - form when primary minerals weather
Matter and Energy
Potential Energy
Definition: Energy storage (Chemical energy)
Kinetic Energy
Definition: Energy in motion
Caloriies
Definition: unit that denotes energy required to
heat and raise temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C
First law of thermodynamics
Definition: Energy is neither created nor destroyed but may be converted from one to another
Second Law of thermodynamics
Definition: In any energy conversion. some of usable energy is lost
Important:
Energy lost in form of heat and waste
Increasing entropy of system
“Can’t get something from nothing (first law), and you
can’t even break even (second law)”
Energy moves through our environment from one organism to another and from one sphere to another
Energy changes in Organisms
Primary producers
Definition: Green plants via photosynthesis
Convert low potential energy raw materials into high potential energy molecules using sunlight and chlorophyll during photosynthesis
6CO2+6H2O
PS
C6H12O6+6O2
Glucose
Plant Sugars
UV ---->
Chlorophyll
Consumers
Definition: Obtain energy from consuming organic materials
Cellular respiration
Not as efficient as photosynthesis
Driven by solar energy
Mostly all organisms cannot survive without this
CR --->
40% - 60% lev efficient then photosynthesis
Cycling of Matter
C6H12O6+6CO2--->
6CO2+6H2O+ energy waste
Chapter 2
Economics vs. Environment: A case study
China
Economic giant throughout the 21st century
Yellow river after chemical spill
Smog in Beijing, China
China Ministry of Enviromental Protections (MEP)
Turning into non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)
How can China improve water quality in the Yellow River
Yellow River video
Drinking water is not safe
Tumers are being found in people more commonly
Discussion: How does our economy connect to sustainability?
Economics
Definition: Social science involving production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services and with theory and management of economic systems
2 types of economic systems
1.Centrally planned: rulers decide (Dictator ship)
Free Marget: market decides what will be exchanged (Capitalists)
Sustainable Economy
What does a sustainable economy look like
Brown economy (Bad)
Green economy (Good)
accounts of several types of Capital:
Produces Capital - Durable goods
National Capital
renewable natural reasources
Nonrenewable natural resources
Intangible Capital
Brocken into human, social, and knowledge capital
Tenets of a sustainable economy:
Human well-being is important with no growth in population at all costs
Preserves ecosystem
Income group
Low
Total Wealth (billion)
58,038
Per capita Wealth (dollars)
16,903
Intangible Capital (%)
51
Produced Capital (%)
24
Natural Capital (%)
25
Lower Middle
Total wealth (billions)
3,597
Per capita wealth (dollars)
6,138
Produced Capital (%)
13
Natural Capital ( %)
30
Intangible Capital (%)
57
upper Middle
Total wealth (billions)
47,183
Percapita wealth (dollars)
81,534
Intangible capital (%)
69
Produced Capital (%)
16
Natual capital (%)
15
High
Total wealth (billions)
551,964
Per capita wealth (dollars
588,315
Intangible capital ((%)
81
Produced capita (%)
17
Natural Capital (%)
2
World
Total wealth (billion)
120,475
Per capita wealth (dollars)
673, 593
Intangible capital (%)
77
Produced Capital (%)
18
Natural capital
5
Economic progress
Gross national product (GNP)
Gross Domestic Product
Genuine progress indicator (GPI)
Environmental economics means of measuring economic progress
Measures economic sustainability
GDP has steadily risen over years while GPI has not- why
How do GDP and GPI differ?
A. GPI measures global income
B. GDP measures national net income from overseas
C. GPI accounts for environmental degradation
D. GDP accounts for environmental degradation
What are environmental goods and services?
Goods- extracted from the earth or use extract ed materials
Human use
Services- actions that the environment does for us human will bring support life
Ecosystem services
Provisioning (goods obtained from ecosystem)
Regulating (services from the regulation of ecosystem processes)
Cultural (nonmaterial benefits from ecosystems)
degraded
Capture fireflies
wild foods
wood fuel
Air quality regulation
Climate Regulation
erosion regulation
Spiritual and cultural values
Aesthetics values
Mixed
Timber
Fiber
Water regulation
Disease
Recreation and ecotourism
enhanced
Crops
Live stock
Aquaculture
Carbon sequestration
Problems such as unsanitary water and untreated sewage have been declining
Problems such as CO2 emissio0ns and suburban sprawls have been increasing
Problems such as air pollution from SO2, CO, and particulates has increased but is now decreasing
Discussion: How does per capita income (GDP + population) relate +environment issues
What are we defining as low vs. high income?
Low - less than $1,000
Middle - $1,000 - $12,000
High - Greater than $12,000
Income group
Low
Burundi
$230.04
Middle
Ukraine
$5,663
High
Czech Republic
$29,801
Environmental Policy
What is public policy and what would
Public policy
Definition: Regulations, guidelines for the popular business
Means by which a government maintains order or addresses needs of citizens through actions defined by its constitution - developed in sociopolitical context called polotics
How do environmental policies work?
Capital building
Legislative
Congress
House of Representative
Senate
White house
President
Vice president
Cabinet
Administrative Agencies
Judicial
Supreme Court
Federal courts
Circuit and district courts
Policy Life Cycle
Definition: Predictable Course of policy development in democratic societies
Environmental policy: (CFC case study)
Released into the environment
Stratosphere
Two chemists, Drs. Mario Molina and Sherwood Rowland, discovered the effects on the ozone layer
Policy options
Commanded and control
Standards set, those involved my comply
Market Approach
User fees policies in the U.S.
Federal level policies
Agency: Environmental protection Agency (EPA)
Regulations examples: clean water and air acts (CWA and CAA)
State and local level policies
Agency: Department of environmental protection (DEP)
Regulation examples:
Pay as you throw plastic bags outlawed
returnable battle laws
NJ freshwater wetlands Protection Act
Environmental policy and economic effects
Environmental protection
Helps us protect and restore our planet
Does not diminish wealth
Creates industry jobs
Cost benefit analysis
But there is cost-effectiveness of proposed regulations
What are the real costs and benefits of pollution control
Careful studies have found
pollution control costs
Few job layoffs environmentally
But there are costs of policies
Some require no costs
May even have a positive effect
How do we determine this
What are some examples of environmental improvement due to regulations?
What are some examples of environmental improvement due to regulations?
25% of superfund sites remediated
Acid rain reduces
Reduction in 5 principal air pollutant emissions by 75%
• Wet sulfate (acid) deposition reduction by 68%
• 60+% reduction of toxic chemicals released
Progress effected by
Special interest groups
Political administrations
The public and you!
Chapter 1
Environment and Human Built
Explained by 4 hypotheses
Enhanced food production can outweigh ecosystem decline
Ecosystem decline - transportation + Infer
Slash burns fast technology
faster food production, food machinery, irrigation
CAFO - steroids + antibiotics
Technology
Less dependent on ecosystems
X1. Flawed measurement - well being
Us between ecosystem decline + human well being
Worst yet to come (?)
Both
Environment Destruction, Humans depend on the environment, Hunting/ Farming, Mining, Clean Water, Ozone destruction, Pollution
Environment
Slow changes, Ecosystem integration, Species, Biosphere, Biogeochemical Cycle, Plant life, Renewable recourses, Lithosphere, Rocks +Minerals, Gases, Hydrosphere, Water, Organisms
Definition- All things and factors external to organisms
Environmental science
Definitions- Multidisciplinary branch of science concerned with environmental issues
Environmental studies
Definition- More emphasis on issues, ethics, economy
Environmentalist Paradox
Definition- Human well-being improved in the last 40 years, but natural ecosystems providing goods and services have declines
Environmentalists
Definition- Those with strong focus on environment and environmental concerns
Nongovernmental organizations
Human built
Infrastructure, Chemical production, Rapid Changes, Education, Politics, Physical Material
STATE OF THE PLANET
How do we know our Earth is in Peril?
Ecosystem degradation
Biodiversity loss
Population growth
Global Climate Change
Occurrences that suggest the Earth is in peril.
Icecaps/ Glaciers melting, more extreme storms, coral reef dying, Invasive Species
The environmental Movement
Love canal video
Government bought resident houses to evacuate people
88 chemicals in the water
chemicals getting into home
Homeowners want to move out
High risk of cancer
Ratchel Carson
Female biologist
Wrote the book "Silent Spring"
Advanced anvironmental movement
Sound science: The scientific method
Three Themes
Sound Science
Can there be controversy in science?
Public perception on ethics
New or change in information
2.New or improved technology
Phenomenon is very complex
Junk science
Multiple perspectives
Use modern technology like transmission electron microscopes (TEM) to image nanoparticlestext
Some experiments can be labor field based
How do we evaluate science?
Peer review
Observations align correctly with the conclusion
Do all experience follow data
Are there any biases
Supported by other scientists in field though scientific method
Natural Laws
Concepts
Theories
Powerful?
Control?
Replicates?
Statistics?
Unaliases?
Dependent vs. Independant
Critical thinking
Definition- Process which one subject research findings and theories to examination looking for consistencies and inconsistencies in logic, alternative interpretations, and subtle but pervasive biases that may have difference
Science
Definition- Knowledge gained through scientific method about natural world
Sound science uses critical thinking
Discussion: Propose an experiment us each step of the scientific method
Natural Phenomena
Observations
Questions
Research Hypothesis
1 more item...
Sustainability
essential transitions for a sustainable future
Technology transition
4.Political and sociological transitions
Resource transition
Community transition
Population transition
Is our planet sustainable?
Definition- System or process can be continued indefinitely without depleting or damaging material or energy required to keep it going.
Stewardship
Definition- Managing natural resources through actions and programs and human well-being for greater good of society
"Business as usual" is not sustainable
Good news
Things are improving
How can we better environmental stewards?
Reduce plastic bag use
Raise live stalk
Chickens
Composing
Native plants
Donating
Reduce pesticides and fertilizers
Thrifting
turnoff heating and A.C.
Educating people
Drive rather than fly
buy and eat local
public transportation
Chapter 4
Populations and Communities
Golden frog of Panama: A case study
El valle amphibian conservation center (EVACC)
Population
Definition: Group of species living in certain area that can reproduce
Population Dynamics
How to understand wildlife populations?
Pattern of change equations
Carrying Capacity (K): upper limit of species an ecosystem can support
Change in population
(Birth + immigration) - (Death + Emigrate)
Ecologist analyze populations with models
Population growth curves
Exponential (J- Curve)
PxExR=P
Constant
Px(AxT)=P
Logistic growth (S- Curve)
P+(RxPxK)=P
Nuisance species
Definition: Big population in one area
Invasive Species
Definition: New population in a different area
Population Dynamics
Why might population growth slow after a large increase?
Slowed population growth
Luck of food, resources, habitat
Competition with other animals
Predators
Breedingvs. nonbreading seasons
Disease and other vectors
Biotic Potential
Definition number of offspring
Species survives through early growth stages
Recruited into breeding population
Reproductive strategies
R vs. K strategies
R
Lifespam: Shorter
Environment: Unstable
Site: Smaller
Age on set reproduction Younger
Number of offspring: Many
Parental care: Little
Population Stability: Unstable
Insects
Mayflies
Frogs
Turtles
Fish
K
Environment: Stable
Site: Large
Population Stability: Stable
Lifespan: Longer
Age on set reproduction: Older
Number of set offspring: Few
Parental Care Long periods
Deer
Raptors
Foxes
Coyotes
Possums
Ground hogs
Otters
Beavers
Limits on Population
Density
Individual species/ unit area
Density dependance vs. independent limits
Density dependence
Limits increases as population density increases
Density independence
Definition: Populations limited by abiotic factors regardless of numbers
Population regulation
Top - down Regulation
Definition: Control of population by predation
Bottom - up Rwgulation
Definition: Control of population due to resource scarcity
Critical Number
Definition: Minimum population for species to survive in environment
Sharp decline = threatened
Below critical number = endangered classification
Extinction = species no longer exists in the wild
Symbiosis
Definition: two species lives are connected (Positive or Negative)
Predation
Definition: One species benefits and other is harmed
C. Parasitic
B. Herbivory
A. Predatory
Parasites
Mistletoe
Giardia
Lamprey
Athletes foot
Competition
Definition: Two species (same or different) relying on the same resource
Mutualism
Definition: both species benefit
Commensalism
Definition: one species benefits and
other is unaffected
Amensalism
Definition: one species unaffected and
other is harmed
Evolution
Defintion: Occurs through adapting to environmental factors
Predation and competition
Favor survival of individuals that lower impacts of negative
interactions
Predators and prey can adapt to one another