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history of psychological measurement, Assessment and culture-related issue…
history of psychological measurement
how it started
chinese empire (2200 BCE): Testing to match employees and jobs. Tested domains: civil law, military, agriculture, income, and geography.
4th century: The development of early psychological tests "
physiognomy
“ - assessing a person's character from their outward appearance, especially the face.
▪
Phrenology: A more specific form of physiognomy
, assessing personality traits and specific mental abilities based on "bumps" on the skull.
18th century: Wolff (1732, 1734) anticipated psychology as a science and psychological measurement.
GALTON
DADDY OF MENTAL TESTING!
created the first battery of mental tests, attempting to
measure intelligence from physical domains
(e.g., head circumference) and
behavioural domains
(e.g., reaction time).
developed various measurement tools: questionnaires, rating scales, self-report inventories.
began using statistics to analyse psychological test results.
bro got the idea from darwin theory's natural selection
Experimental psychology grew rapidly in the1800s→the beginning of the use standardised, objective, and replicable procedures. which then assement became crucial in the laboratories activities of experimental psychology
WUNDT
DADDY OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY!
Directed the standardisation of psychologycal measurement procedure. bro and his students formulated a general picture of human abilities related to several variables (rt, perctpn, at)
his students
james cattel
bro found APA
introduced the term
mental test
, and elaborated on studies of r
eaction time
, believing that physiological measurements were an index of mental strength.
charles spearman
: Proposed ideas about test reliability and statistical techniques such as factor analysis.
victor henri
: Collaborated with Alfred Binet in writing scientific articles about the use of mental tests to measure higher mental processes.
emil kraepelint
: Developed word association techniques for formal testing.
its 19th century bich
classification n management of children with intellectual disability
Edouard Seguin
began training sensory discrimination and motor control skills in children using a form-board, which later underpinned the construction of nonverbal intelligence tests (
performance
).
Jean Esquirol
established the classification of mental disorders (intellectual disability) and found that
verbal ability
was related to intelligence level.
19th n 20th century
Catell
Binet
developed more sensible measurements that were useful for higher mental processes.
20th century
b. group test
Began to be developed during America's involvement in World War I (1917) to select and place army officers.
Army Alpha
(for normal and language- proficient individuals
Army Beta
(for illiterate individuals and minority populations within a culture).
a. modern intellegence test
binet n simon
: created an intelligence measurement scale to identify school children with intellectual disabilities.
Wechsler
: developed
intelligence tests for adults (WAIS, 1939)
. Wechsler further developed his intelligence tests, which could then be used to measure the intelligence of school-age children (
WISC
, 1949) and preschool children (WPPSI, 1
c. aptitude test
cuz the intellegence test don't hit it (too general, too hard)
Single aptitude tests
were developed, measuring specific talents in particular fields, such as mechanical, clerical, musical, and artistic aptitudes
multiple aptitude tests
were developed to measure aptitude in multiple fields simultaneously.
d. achievement test
written achievement test dari boston school, * All students received the same multiple-choice questions, expanding the test's coverage and reducing bias, subjectivity, luck (due to guessing), and favouritism in assessment.
e. verbal projective tests
▪ Simple assessment methods were used to obtain personality characteristics, starting with free association techniques from
Galton
and
Kraepelin
.
▪
Woodworth
developed a test to measure self-adjustment and emotional stability that could be quickly administered in groups.
The Woodworth Psychoneurotic
Inventory became the first self-report personality measurement instrument.
▪
Payne
(1928) developed sentence completion techniques.
f. perception-based tests
▪
Rorschach
(1884 - 1922) developed a different tool to study personality, especially in abnormal subjects.
▪
Murray
(1930s) along with contributions from Christiana Morgan developed the TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) to study normal personality.
g. graphic tests
▪
Goodenough
(1926) introduced a projection test approach by analysing drawings - it could also be used to measure intelligence levels.
▪
Buck
(1948) developed the House-Tree-Person (HTP)
▪
Machover
(1949) developed the Draw-A-Person (DAP).
Assessment and culture-related issue
verbal communication: Test administrators and test takers
must speak in the same language.
non-verbal communication n behavior: Facial expressions, finger and hand gestures, changes in body posture, and movements can convey specific messages that
may differ from culture to culture
.
evaluation standard: Culture plays a role in psychological assessment and behavioural patterns: how do tendencies in the behavioural patterns of individualist vs. collectivist cultures differ?
▪ What is considered pathological or deviant in one culture may not be viewed the same way in another culture.