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Organic chemistry, Acid rain and pollution, Organic families, Isomers, ![,…

- - - - C3H8
  - - - C2H6
    - - C3H8
    - - CH4
    - - C4H10
    - - https://wou.edu/chemistry/files/2017/01/table_7.2.png
      - Starting from the alkane with 5 carbons the names start with the math agrupation of the number, for example 5=pent
  - - - The longer the chain the higher the boling point
      - exp
        
        methane (1 carbon) has low boiling point (-162)
        
        octane (8 carbon) has high boiling point ( 126)
    - - The shorter the chain length the higher the flammability
      - exp
        
        ethane (2 carbon) high flammability
        
        decane (10 carbon) low flamability
    - - The longer the chain length the higher the viscuosity
      - exp
        
        pentane (5 carbon) low viscuosity
        
        Heavy fuel oil ( 26 carbon) high viscosity
    - - This is caused by the intermolecular forces
        
        high length chain has a lot of weak intermolecular forces, this means it requires more energy to break
        
        Low chain doesn't have a lot of weak intermolecular forces, this means it requires a low number of energy to break
- - - - C7H16
        
        C2H4(alkene)
        
        C5H12(alkane)
    - - A homologous series which has doesn't have saturated carbons
      - An Alkene always has a double bond in the molecule
      - They are mostly used to make plastics
      - examples of Alkanes
        
        file:///home/chronos/u-8375270a77df2a8f588422d8e30fc042f516fdb7/MyFiles/Downloads/Screenshot%202024-10-05%2011.33.09%20PM.png
      - Much more reactive than Alkanes
      - Alkene testing
        
        You can test if a chemical is an alkane or an alkene using bromine
        
        If its an alkane the chemical will start with a orange colour and wont' change
        
        Starts orange and will turn colourless with time if it's an alkene
        
        This happens because the chemical truns into a dibromoalkane
        
        The double bond of the product gets broken and the 2 bromine gets added
        
        exp
        
        C2H4 + Br2 --> C2H4Br2
        
        file:///home/chronos/u-8375270a77df2a8f588422d8e30fc042f516fdb7/MyFiles/Downloads/Screenshot%202024-10-05%2011.59.41%20PM.png
        
        this happens between an alkene and any halogen
        
        The formula is allways is alkene + bromine --> alkaneBr2
        
        The position of the bromine depends on where the double bond was in the molecule
        
        file:///home/chronos/u-8375270a77df2a8f588422d8e30fc042f516fdb7/MyFiles/Camera/IMG_20241006_000311.jpg
        
        https://cdn.savemyexams.com/cdn-cgi/image/w=1920,f=auto/uploads/2020/01/Bromine-Test-Alkenes.png
  - - - Alkanes are heated under pressure to temperatures between 450ºC and 800ºC
      - Needs lots of water and electricity
    - - Catalyst such as Zeolites are used for alkanes can be heated to higher temperatures with less energy
      - Used more as it saves energy and it is cheaper
      - Experiment showing catalyst craking
        
        file:///home/chronos/u-8375270a77df2a8f588422d8e30fc042f516fdb7/MyFiles/Camera/IMG_20241005_233826.jpg
- - - - The fractional column contains different chambers which are at different temperatures
        
        The different chains of different lengths condence at different temperatures, this results on different chain lengths being separated
        
        https://oilandgasinfo.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Fractional-Distilation.png
  - - - Used for jet fuel
      - Condences at 110ºC
    - - Used for car and lorrie fuel
      - condences as 180ºC
    - - Used for car fuel
      - Condences at 40ºC
    - - Used fir ships and alternative uses
        
        Can be used to create petrocemicals
        
        detergents
        
        Lubricants
        
        polymers (plastic)
        
        Polymers
        
        Solvents
      - Condences at 260ºC
      - Used for jet fuel
    - - Used for heating stoves
      - Low boiling point, they remain as a gas through all the process
    - - Used for pavement roads
      - condences at 340ºC
- - - - A homologous series is a group of molecules that share similar properties and the general same formula
      - alkanes are an example of a hydrocarbon which has a homologous series
    - - Fuel
        
        planes
        
        trains
        
        cars
        
        stoves
        
        boats
      - feedstock
      - Polymers (plastic)
    - - Hydrocarbons are used as fuels through the process of combustion (burning)
        
        When something combusts (burns), the elements in the molecule react with oxygen in the air (become oxidised)
        
        The chemical equation of combustion is
        
        hydrocarbon+ oxygen-> carbon dioxide + water
        
        exp: CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O
        
        Combustion can be incomplete when not all of the fuel combusts
        
        hydrocarbon + oxygen --> carbon monoxide + water + carbon dioxide+ soot/ carbon particles
        
        This can happen because there is not the necessary oxygen
        
        Creates carbon monoxide
        
        Carbon monoxide can be toxic to humans
        
        This happens because CO sticks to haemoglobin which doesn't allow RBC to catch oxygen, leading to an O2 deficit
        
        Combustion is an exothermic reaction
        
        test of combustion
        
        Methanol (alcohol)
        
        No soot ( particles of C)
        
        Blue colour of flame (complete combustion --> no CO)
        
        HIgh flamability
        
        paraffin
        
        Some soot present (particles of C)
        
        Orange flame (some incomplete combustion --> CO present)
        
        Medium flamability
        
        Hexane (alkane)
        
        No soot ( particles of C)
        
        Blue colour of flame ( complete combustion--> no CO)
        
        Very high flammability
        
        White petroleum
        
        Soot present (particles of C)
        
        Yellow flame ( some incomplete combustion --> CO present)
        
        Hard flamability
        
        Products of Hydrocarbon combustion/ experiment
        
        burn a hydrocarbon to see the different products of combustion
        
        test for
        
        CO2
        
        Use limewater
        
        Normally color less but turns cloudy when CO2 present
        
        acidity
        
        se universal indicator
        
        Turns yellow when there is some acidity precent.
        
        water
        
        use cobalt chloride paper
        
        normally blue but turns purple when in contact with water
        
        https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780xany/1/7/9/512179_equipmentforidentifyingproductsofcombustion_157566.jpg
  - - - Sea creatures living millions of years ago
        
        Die and fall to the sea bed
        
        3.Get covered by sediment
        
        Over million of years pressure and heat turns remains to crude oil
        
        crude oil is created from a mixture of hydrocarbon lengths
        
        Crude oil is extracted but is a useless black viscous liquid
        
        1 more item...
        
        The sea creatures don't decay as there is no oxygen and microbes in the bottom of the sea
- - - - Sulfur dissolves in rain water creating acid rain
        
        Acid rain makes soil and water more acidic killing trees, fish and other species which drink from contaminated sources of water
- - - - NItrogen oxide and rainwater combine to form acid rain
        
        Acid rain makes soil and water more acidic killing trees, fish and other species which drink from contaminated sources of water
  - - - A catalytic converter causes a reaction between CO and nitrogen oxides to produce carbon dioxide and water
- - - - Carbon monoxide s toxic as it invades hemoglobin reducing the amount of blood in your system
    - - Makes buildings dirty
      - Can easely lead to lung deseases
  - - - A catalytic converter causes a reaction between CO and nitrogen oxides to produce carbon dioxide and water
- - - - Methane
      - Water vapour
      - CO2
- - - - Exp:ethene
      - C=C
      - Exp: C2H4
    - - CH3COOH
      - methanoic acid
      - -COOH
    - - Halogen + alkane
      - CHCl3
      - C-Cl
      - chloromethane
    - - R-OH
      - CH3CH2OH
      - ethanol
      - Alcohols
        
        Colourless liquids that dissolve on water to form neutral solutions
        
        First four alcohols comonly used as fuels
        
        ll alcohols contain -OH
        
        first 4 alcohols
        
        propan-1-ol-->C3H7OH
        
        Butan-1-ol-->C4H9OH
        
        ethanol-->C2H5OH
        
        Methanol -->CH3OH
    - - C-C
      - exp:CH4
      - exp: methane
- - - - CH3Cl + HCl