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exam 2, The monocot and eudicot leaf have many similarities including…

- - - - taller plants
      - more deleveloped tree canopies
    - - more & wider xylem, longer conduits
  - - - no sec growth
  - - - carboniferous
      - 320mya
      - vas cam internally
    - - devonian/carboniferous
      - reproduced via spores
    - - lycophytes
      - euphyllophyte
  - - - xylem (wood)
      - Phloem (inner bark)
      - ground tissue (rays)
  - - - stem cells
      - xylem phloem
      - fascicular cambium
    - - stem cells
      - ray cells
      - interfacicular cambium
    - - more xylem phloem
    - - wider circle vas camb
    - - periclinal division
      - anticlinal divisions
    - - secondary
        
        xylem
        
        phloem
      - parenchyma rays
  - - - unique each face
      - longitudinal
      - traverse
      - radial
    - - fusiform-longit
      - ray-radical
  - - - early wood
      - late wood
  - - - transport water
    - - storage
      - no longer transport water
  - - - trachieds only
      - no room fiber
      - gymnosperm
    - - vessel element
      - angiosperm
  - - - rays connect
      - pith
      - cortex
    - - xylem
        
        wood
        
        primary secondary
      - phloem
        
        inner bar
        
        secondary
        
        primary squished
        
        lots fiber
    - - outer bark
      - phellem
      - phellogen
      - phelloderm
  - - - phellem
        
        cork
    - - cork cambium
    - - phloem & cortex
- - - - water content
      - equilibrate water
      - water storage extended
  - - - no plasmodesmata
      - aid refilling cavitation
  - - - waterproofing
      - structural support
  - - - rhynia
        
        vascular tissue not lignified
    - - horneophyton
      - annular cell wall
      - helical cell wall
    - - xylem increase
      - tracheid size +
      - tracheid recinforcement +
  - - - tracheophytes
    - - water transport
      - support
  - - - homogenous pit mem
  - - - max diameters
      - max lengths
  - - - annular
      - helical
      - reticulate
      - porous
- - - - dependent sporophyte
      - egg protected
    - - naked seed
    - - hidden seed
  - - - haplontic
  - - - haplodiplonic
- - - - small pore
      - epidermal cell
      - gs exchange
      - O2 out
      - Co2 in
      - control H2O
  - - - rhyniophytes
      - cooksonia
  - - - dumbbell
      - same direction
    - - kidney
      - random
- - - - first macrofossils
        
        cooksonia sporophytes
        
        425 Ma
        
        Gametophytes complex
        
        stomata
        
        conducting elements
- - - - prophase
      - anaphase
      - telophase
      - cytokinesis
      - metaphase
      - identical copy
    - - charophytes filamentous
      - bryophytes protonema
        
        filamentous
        
        apical bud
    - - ground meristem
      - procambium
      - protoderm
  - - - lg complex plant
      - specialized organ systems
    - - prior vascularization
      - equal branching
        
        isotomous
      - unequal branching
        
        anisotomous
  - - - term spor on lat branches
      - evolved after vasculature
    - - new organs
      - new tissue
      - shoot apex
- - - - male
      - antheridia
        
        sperm
    - - female
      - archegonia
        
        eggs
    - - small
    - - M
      - antheridium
      - sperm
    - - F
      - Archegonium
      - egg
  - - - sporocytes (2n)
      - spores (1n)
  - - - sporangia
      - indusia
- - - - plastids
      - mittochondria
      - ER vesicles
    - - mix vasu and cytoplsmic cont
  - - - photosynthate
      - hormones
      - electric signals
    - - mostly on end
      - lack sieve plate
  - - - many sieve pore
      - usually on end wall
    - - few organelles
    - - transport of
        
        photosynthate
        
        hormones
        
        electric signals
      - sieve tube element
        
        sieve plate
        
        sieve pore
        
        lateral sieve area
        
        P protein
        
        plastid
        
        smooth ER
        
        mitochondria
        
        companion cell
        
        branched plsmodesmata
        
        vacuole
        
        nucleus
        
        mitochondria
  - - - help plug pore leakage
    - - legumes
      - plug pores
    - - v few
    - - lost ribosomes
      - highly folded
  - - - no ribosomes
- - - - diverse
  - - - pollen
        
        pollen grain
        
        immature
        
        mature germinating
      - multicell hap
    - - nutritive tissues
      - integuments
      - ovule
      - multicell hap
      - egg one
      - nuceli
- - - - independent blue light
- - - - synamorphy
      - vascular tissue
      - cell vary
      - vascular architecture diverse
  - - - annular thickenings
      - cooksonia
      - true tracheids
- - - - unimultcellular projections
      - anchorage
      - mineral uptake
      - genes
        
        predate land plants
        
        play a role in root hair dev
    - - lepidodendrales extinct
      - dichotomous rooting system
      - lateral stimarian rootlets
        
        root hairs, mixed reports
        
        highly branched
      - similar to roots
        
        no chlorophyll
        
        no stomata
        
        develop gravitropically
      - no root cap
      - extant species
        
        bifurcating
        
        with root hairs
        
        no quiescent center
    - - early without root hair
      - intact epiderms covered root tip
      - devonian lycophyte
      - independent evolution
        
        epidermis
        
        root cap
    - - diversity arrangement infer phylogeny
        
        # initial cells differs
      - similar genes across plant taxa
      - similar genes shoot to root
  - - - primary root
        
        derived radicle
        
        main root
        
        dom eudicot
        
        ephemeral monocots
      - lateral root
        
        adventitious root
        
        derived from stem & leaves
        
        dom monocots
        
        seminal roots
        
        derived from mesocotyl
    - - highly differentiated mult axis
      - found only in sporophytes of vas plant
      - functions
        
        anchors plant body substrate
        
        absorb water
        
        absorb dissolved minerals
      - common features
        
        ap meristem & root cap
        
        pericycle
        
        endodermis
        
        root hairs
        
        cortex
      - apical meristem
        
        quiscent center
        
        rarely divides
        
        backup plan
        
        maintains initial cell
        
        behind root cap
      - root cap
        
        evolved independently
        
        lycophyte
        
        euphyllophyte
        
        protect underlying tissue
        
        cells that slough off
        
        secrete mucilage
      - pericycle
        
        pluripotent
        
        initiation of lat root dev
        
        just inside endodermis
      - root hairs
        
        single celled
        
        major absorpt water minerals
        
        via osmosis from hypotonic soil solution hypertonic cells
        
        delicate
        
        short lived
      - cortex
        
        lg storage area
        
        outermost later show
        
        hypodermis
        
        exodermis
        
        casparian strip
        
        suberized lamella
        
        bound endodermis epidermis
      - endodermis
        
        casparian strip
        
        pervent apoplastic movement of water
        
        force water move thru cell membrane to be filtered
  - - - selaginella sp ex
      - no root cap
      - no root hair
    - - diversity
        
        pith center
        
        endodermis
        
        surrounded by cortex
      - monocot details
        
        epidermis
        
        cortex
        
        endodermis
        
        pericycle
        
        xylem
        
        phloem
        
        pith
    - - diversity
      - no pith
      - endodermis
      - cortex
      - eudicot details
        
        epidermis
        
        cortex
        
        endodermis
        
        casparian strip
        
        pericycle
        
        xylem
        
        phloem
- - - - ^ atmos temp
      - low stomatal densities
        
        permit greater evap cooling
      - low water uptake
      - lack vas tissue
        
        burn up leaf
        
        vascular embolism
    - - earliest evidence
        
        lycophytes
        
        microphylls/lycophylls
      - euphyllophytes
        
        independent evolution
    - - indeterminate growth proceed
      - reg pattern around stem
      - optimize light photosynthesis
    - - leaves had 5 ind origins
        
        liverwort gametophyte
        
        moss gametophyte
        
        lycophyte sporophyte
        
        monilophyte sporophyte
        
        spermatophyte sporophyte
    - - mitosis single cell
        
        liverwort
        
        moss
        
        midvein cell layer
      - microphyll
        
        lycophyte
        
        mitosis 2 epidermal cells
      - frond
        
        monilophyte
        
        mitosis apical cell
        
        shoot like dev
      - euphylls
        
        seed plants
        
        pool recruited cell
        
        flank multi shoot ap mer
    - - lycophyte leaves
      - prog elaboration
      - vasc strands later
      - fossils consistent
        
        asteroxylon
      - living evidence
        
        selaginella draussiana
        
        2 epi cell
        
        leaf pair
    - - ev euphylls
      - overtopping
        
        unequal branching
      - planation
        
        flattening axes 2 dem
      - webbing
        
        thin tiss axes branches
      - webbing become mesophyll
      - devonian euphylls widespread
    - - chlorenchyma
        
        ground tissue
        
        specialized parenchyma
        
        contain chloroplasts
        
        main func photo
      - arenchyma
        
        ground tissue
        
        specialized parenchyma
        
        air spaces
        
        permit gas exchange
        
        buoyancy aquatic plants
      - collenchyma
        
        ground tissue
        
        thick prim cell wall
        
        func flex support
        
        in bundle sheath veins
      - vascular tissue
        
        xylem
        
        trachieds
        
        water transport
        
        phloem
        
        sieve tube elements
        
        companion cells
        
        photosynthate transport
        
        in veins
      - epidermis
        
        dermal tissue
        
        epidermal cells
        
        guard cells
        
        often cutenized
        
        protect internal tissue
  - - - microphyll
      - single vas trace center blade
      - vas strand directly stem
      - mesophyll
      - epidermis
      - stomata
    - - epidermis
        
        adaxial abaxial
        
        covered cuticle
        
        contains stomata
        
        bulliform cells
        
        rolling unrolling
      - mesophyll
      - veins
        
        surround bundle sheath
    - - epidermis
        
        dermal tissue
        
        epidermal cells
        
        guard cells
        
        cuticle
        
        upper lower
      - mesophyll
        
        palisade
        
        photosynthesis
        
        spongy
        
        gas exchange
        
        veins
        
        bundle sheath cells
        
        xylem top phloem bottom
- - - - root w pith
      - stem without pith
    - - root without pith
      - stem w pith
    - - complexity increased
      - stem diameter increase
      - plant height increase
      - compartmentalization
      - woody habitat
    - - protostele (420Ma)
        
        earliest
        
        solid vas strand
        
        phloem surround xylem
      - siphonostele
        
        ring phloem, xylem, surrounding pith
      - eustele
        
        most complex
        
        strand phloem & xylem sep by parenchyma
        
        progymnosperms
    - - based xylem mat
        
        protoxylem
        
        1st xylem mature
        
        smaller in diameter
      - exarch
        
        protoxylem outside metaxylem
        
        eg protosteles
      - endarch
        
        protoxylem in middle
        
        eg eusteles, atactosteles
      - mesarch
        
        protoxylem surrounded metaxylem
        
        siphonosteles
    - - protostele
        
        most ancestrial type stem vas
      - exarch
    - - siphonostele
        
        xylem surrounded phloem
      - endarch
    - - atactostele
        
        numerousn vas buncles in stem
      - no pith
      - vasc bund sclerenchyma
        
        bundle sheath
    - - eustele
        
        phloem outside xylem
        
        bundles seperated parenchyma
      - endarch
        
        metaxylem outside protoxylem
      - vasc bundle sclerenchyma, bundle cap
- - - - water from soil to atomosphere
      - major input water cycle
    - - potential water react or move
      - attracted other substances
      - lower pot ions
    - - free E of water
      - less negative to more negative
    - - 3 components water pot
        
        pressure potential
        
        effect pressure has overall pot
        
        water pressued, pressure pot and water pot ^
        
        hydrostatic pressure
        
        turgid plant cell +
        
        xylem - due tension
        
        h2O atmo pot 0
        
        osmotic potential
        
        effect solutes have on overall pot
        
        adding solute - water FE
        
        always negative
        
        diff bt sol & pure solvent resulted adding solutes
        
        matric potential
        
        adhesion cell wall, memebranes, soil particles
        
        adhesion - FE
        
        always negative
        
        adhesion water molecules nondissolved struc
        
        soil particles
        
        v dry soil