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Van Vermeer tot Van Gogh - Coggle Diagram

- - - - CoBrA Mvmt.
        Mid-20th C.
        
        Prominent Painters: Karel Appel, Corneille.
        
        Style: Spontaneous, abstract, and expressive with a focus on bright colors and childlike imagery.
        
        Influence: The CoBrA movement rejected traditional forms and embraced experimental, expressive techniques, leaving a lasting impact on post-war European art.
        
        Socio-Economic and Cultural Influences
        
        Post-War Reaction: A response to the devastation of World War II, CoBrA artists sought to break with all traditional conventions, favoring spontaneity and emotion over technique.
        
        Cultural Impact: Emphasized freedom of expression, reflecting broader societal desires for renewal and change in the post-war era.
        
        Mechanics
        
        Brushstrokes: Bold, spontaneous, and often chaotic, reflecting a rejection of traditional forms and techniques.
        
        Materials: A wide variety of media, often incorporating unconventional materials and mixed media.
        
        Technique: Childlike imagery, abstract forms, and a focus on free expression rather than technical precision.
      - Prominent Painters: Piet Mondrian, Theo van Doesburg.
      - Style: Abstract, geometric, focused on primary colors, and a search for universal harmony.
      - Influence: Mondrian’s evolution from landscape painting to pure abstraction influenced the development of minimalism and modern design principles.
        
        Socio-Economic and Cultural Influences
        
        Post-War Context: A reaction against the chaos of World War I, De Stijl sought universal harmony and order in art and design.
        
        Cultural Impact: An emphasis on utopian ideals and the belief that art and design could transform society by stripping away the unnecessary.
      - Mechanics
        
        Brushstrokes: Minimal and controlled, often with a smooth, precise application of paint to create geometric forms.
        
        Materials: Oil on canvas, often with carefully selected primary colors (red, blue, yellow), black, white, and gray.
        
        Technique: Focus on abstraction, with a strict adherence to geometric shapes and lines.
    - - Socio-Economic and Cultural Influences
        
        Social Changes: A period of great artistic innovation, challenging traditional norms. Artists often lived on the fringes of society.
        
        Cultural Influence: A desire to break free from conventional forms and express inner emotions and perceptions, leading to the development of modern art.
    - - Brushstrokes: Highly expressive, with visible strokes and experimental techniques, such as Pointillism (small dots of pure color).
      - Materials: Modern synthetic pigments allowed for brighter colors. Paints in tubes made outdoor painting more accessible.
      - Technique: Vibrant colors, emotional expression, and a move towards abstraction. Van Gogh’s swirling brushstrokes and bold color choices were revolutionary.
  - - - Economic Stability: A modest but stable market for art among the middle class, with art that often depicted the quiet dignity of rural life.
      - Cultural Shifts: An introspective, somewhat melancholic view of Dutch life, influenced by changing social dynamics and a nostalgia for a simpler, pre-industrial world.
- - - - Early Netherlandish Painting
        
        15th and 16th Century
        
        Prominent Painters: Jan van Eyck, Hieronymus Bosch, Pieter Bruegel the Elder.
        
        Style: Detailed realism, religious themes, and complex symbolism.
        
        Influence: Van Eyck's mastery of oil painting and attention to detail set the stage for Northern Renaissance art. Bosch’s fantastical imagery influenced later artists with his imaginative and moralistic scenes, while Bruegel’s focus on peasant life foreshadowed a move towards genre painting.
        
        Mechanics
        
        Brushstrokes: Extremely fine and precise to achieve detailed realism, often using very small brushes to depict intricate details such as fabrics, reflections, and textures.
        
        Materials: Painters like Jan van Eyck developed techniques using oil paint on wooden panels, allowing for detailed layers and a luminous quality. Pigments were often ground by hand from minerals, plants, or insects.
        
        Canvas: Panels made of oak were the primary surface, as stretched canvas was not yet common.
        
        Socio-Economic and Cultural Influences
        
        Religious Tension: The era was dominated by religious art commissioned by the church and wealthy patrons. The rise of Protestantism began to influence the decline of religious imagery.
        
        Economic Context: Wealth from trade and early capitalism allowed for patronage of the arts, though much art was still church-centered.
        
        Cultural Influence: Art was a means to depict moral tales, religious devotion, and complex symbolism, reflecting societal concerns about sin, morality, and human folly (e.g., Bosch's fantastical works).
        
        The Legend of St. Joseph (detail), possibly ca. 1490–1500, follower of Robert Campin. Hoogstraten, Church of St. Catherine.
      - Prominent Painters: Rembrandt van Rijn, Johannes Vermeer, Frans Hals, Jan Steen, Judith Leyster.
      - Style: Realism, portraiture, still life, landscape, and genre scenes
      - Influence: This era is characterized by a move away from religious art to everyday life, portraiture, and dramatic use of light (chiaroscuro). Rembrandt’s emotional depth and mastery of light and shadow influenced generations, while Vermeer’s delicate use of light and intimate domestic scenes set a new standard for realism and composition.
      - Mechanics
        
        Brushstrokes: More visible and expressive, especially in the work of Rembrandt, who used thicker impasto to create texture and depth. Vermeer’s smooth, controlled brushwork created delicate and refined light effects.
        
        Materials: The use of stretched canvas became more common, and oil paints continued to dominate, with advancements allowing for richer, more vibrant pigments. The Dutch were at the forefront of pigment production, benefiting from global trade routes.
        
        Technique: Artists employed chiaroscuro (contrast between light and dark) to create drama and focus. There was an increased use of glazes to build layers of color and luminosity.
      - Socio-Economic and Cultural Influences
        
        Cultural Shifts: Art reflected a growing sense of Dutch identity and pride, showcasing the virtues of domesticity, wealth, and moral lessons without overtly religious themes.
        
        Economic Boom: The Netherlands was a wealthy trading nation, and the rise of a prosperous middle class led to increased demand for art that depicted everyday life, portraits, and landscapes.
        
        Religious Influence: Protestantism discouraged religious iconography, leading to a focus on secular subjects like portraits, still lifes, and genre scenes.
    - - Socio-Economic and Cultural Influences
        
        Economic Decline: The Dutch economy began to wane, affecting art patronage and innovation. Art became more decorative and less influential.
        
        Cultural Influence: A shift toward lighthearted, decorative subjects reflecting the tastes of the elite, with less emphasis on the moral and realistic themes of the previous century.
    - - Brushstrokes: Light and delicate, with a focus on elegance and decoration, reflecting the French Rococo style.
      - Materials: Continued use of canvas and oil paints. Pigments were now more commercially available, allowing for pastel colors typical of Rococo.
      - Technique: Lighter, more decorative compositions with an emphasis on fluidity and elegance, often with a playful or humorous tone.
  - - - Brushstrokes: Romanticism favored expressive, often looser brushwork with dramatic light and rich color. Realism sought more precise, naturalistic brushwork.
      - Materials: The invention of portable paint tubes allowed artists to work outdoors (en plein air). Pigments were more standardized and widely available.
      - Technique: Emphasis on mood, atmosphere, and the depiction of nature or social realities, moving toward capturing the “truth” of the subject.